Adventure-Crew.com

The Salt Lake Tribune

A wildfire burning in Zion Natural Park that forced the closure of a hiking trail has spread over 450 acres, but was reported to be 25 percent contained Wednesday.

The lightning-sparked Horse fire was discovered on July 7 and is located about 1½ miles southeast of Lava Point, in the northern part of the park.

On Wednesday, park officials said the northern part of the fire, which is most worrisome to fire officials, was slowed by a lack of fuel when it reached an area that was burned last fall.

The southern and eastern parts of the fire continued moderate growth Tuesday. The West Rim Trail from Lava Point to Potato Hollow was temporarily closed to protect visitors.

Smoke from the fire may settle into canyons at night, especially Zion Canyon, but canyon winds should blow it away by mid-morning, park fire spokesman David Eaker said in a news release.

The volcano is located in the south-western part of the state of Washington

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument offers a unique view of an active volcano where scientists are still learning things. You will be awed by the devastation it caused in 1980 and also be able to see how the land has recovered since that time. There is plenty of outdoor adventure for the outdoor enthusiast. You will find mountain climbing, backpacking, hiking, fishing, and fantastic scenery. Keep reading for further Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument information.

Uniqueness
Mount St. Helens erupted at 8:32 Sunday morning, May 18, 1980. Shaken by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale, the north face of this tall symmetrical mountain collapsed in a massive rock debris avalanche. Nearly 230 square miles of forest was blown over or left dead and standing. At the same time a mushroom-shaped column of ash rose thousands of feet skyward and drifted downwind, turning day into night as dark, gray ash fell over eastern Washington and beyond-to Portland, OR 45 miles away, and 16 hours later, to central Colorado. The hot gas and magma melted the snow and ice that covered the volcano. The resulting floodwater mixed with the rock and debris to create concrete-like mudflows that scoured river valleys surrounding the mountain resulting in the largest landslide in recorded history. The eruption lasted 9 hours, but Mount St. Helens and the surrounding landscape were dramatically changed within moments. You will be awed by the devastation.
Climbing Mount St. Helens is popular with both experienced and beginning mountaineers. The climb is not a trail hike; it is a rugged, off-trail scramble. The climb is suitable for people in good physical condition who are comfortable on steep irregular terrain. The route climbs 4,500 feet from trailhead to the rim in a distance of about 5 miles. Most climbers complete the round trip in 8 to 12 hours. A climbing permit is required year-round.

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument has nearly 200 miles of trails where hikers can experience features of the 1980 eruption. Most of these trails can be accessed without a permit. Some circle the volcano, while others traverse high lakes and old growth forest north of the 1980 blast area.

Hikers may also once again explore trails that lead to the sapphire lakes, pinnacle studded ridges and flowered mountain slopes of the Mount Margaret Backcountry. Visitors to this rugged and spectacular portion of the Monument can see effects of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Trails in the Mount Margaret Backcountry have narrow tread, are steep in places and can climb over 2,000 feet in elevation. Some trails are very challenging. Camping in the Mount Margaret Backcountry is another one of the many ways to explore Mount St. Helens backcountry.

Visitors will also enjoy the inside of an ancient lava flow at Ape Cave; the Coldwater Ridge Visitor Center where you can discover the plants and animals that are returning and thriving at Mount St. Helens and uncover the secrets of their survival; the Johnston Ridge Observatory where you’ll learn to “read” the effects of the 1980 eruption on the land from this visitor center that sits only 5 1/2 miles from the crater and discover that the eruption of Mount St. Helens was more than just a single event; Lava Canyon & Lahar where you will enjoy the thrill of a rushing river with impressive waterfalls; Mount St. Helens Visitor Center where you can learn the human history of the area before, during and after Mount St. Helens’ 1980 eruption; and Windy Ridge / Spirit Lake Viewpoints where you’ll encounter the lateral blast’s full impact as you transition from green forest to standing dead forest to blown down forest. Discover Spirit Lake’s immense floating forest.

Park and Visitor Center Hours
A good place to begin your visit is at one of the Monument’s visitor centers or information stations. Interpretive staff are available to answer your questions and help you plan your visit. Ask about the schedule of interpretive walks, talks and theater presentations that share the geologic, biologic, and cultural history of the area. Interpretive talks, walks, and theater programs are offered at each site. You can now travel on the east, south and west sides of the mountain. All visitor centers are open daily during the summer months.
On the west side of the mountain, State Road 504 allows access to five Visitor Centers. These reveal tremendous views of Mount St. Helens, including the crater, lava dome, and blast zone. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Visitor Center at Silver Lake is located at mile post 5 on highway 504. It is operated by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. This visitor center shows the eruption on May 18, 1980, and talks about volcanoes in general. It also includes a walk through a volcano model, two theater programs, 1-mile boardwalk wetlands nature trail, and a book store. The hours are 9:00am to 6:00pm June 15 through September 1, and 9:00am to 4:00pm in the winter. It is closed New Years, Thanksgiving and Christmas Day. The County owned Visitor Center at Hoffstadt Bluffs is located at milepost 27. This visitor center has a unique gift shop offering merchandise hand crafted from Mount St. Helens ash and a variety of other unique items from around the area. The Forest Learning Center, located at milepost 33.5, is operated by Weyerhaeuser in conjunction with the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation. This Visitor Center leads you through the steps that were taken to salvage the downed lumber and reforest the area. It is possible to take a look through telescopes mounted at the top of their interpretive trail and have the chance to see any elk that may be in the vicinity.

The Coldwater Ridge Visitor Center is located at milepost 43 at an elevation of 3,091 feet / 942 meters. Winter Hours: Thursday through Monday from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (closed Tuesday and Wednesday). This Visitor Center is operated by the Forest Service and is used as an educational guide showing how changes come about after an eruption. Services inside the center include a video-wall theater program, interpretive exhibits, a staffed information desk, a gift shop, and a Northwest Interpretive Association book sales area. There is a short trail, “Winds of Change” that is self-guided and shows what happened on May 18, 1980.

Johnston Ridge Visitor Center opened in May, 1997. Located at the end of State Highway 504 and 52 miles east of Castle Rock, in the heart of the blast zone, the Center’s state-of-the-art interpretive displays magically portray the sequence of geologic events that transformed the landscape and opened up a new era in the science of monitoring an active volcano and forecasting eruptions. Read amazing eyewitness accounts from eruption survivors. This is the closest Visitor Center to Mount St. Helens and you can look into the Crater and see the dome. Take a .5 mile walk on the Eruption Trail and learn how the eruption shaped the surrounding landscape. Visitors can expect to see views of the lava dome, crater, pumice plain, and the landslide deposit. Forest Interpreters share the magic of the geological events surrounding the 1980 eruption through a variety of formal talks and guided walks. Experience how volcanoes are monitored and discover how Mount St. Helens has taught us new answers to old mysteries.

On the East Side, Forest Roads 25 and 99 provide access to the vast blown down forest and views of the legendary Spirit Lake, and are usually open from Memorial Day until snow blocks the roads. Cowlitz Valley Ranger Station is open to visitors daily during the summer season. On Forest Road 99 interpretive talks and walks bring the landscape to life for visitors and can be enjoyed at the numerous view points. Food services and gifts are available at Cascades Peaks Viewpoint.

The South Side Forest Road 83 passes through lava flows and mudflows from earlier eruptions and provides access to the Climber’s Bivouac. Pine Creek Information Station is open for visitor inquiries. State Highway 503 is open year round, while Forest Roads 83 and 90 are usually open from Memorial Day until snow blocks roads. Guided lantern walks are conducted daily at Ape Cave.

History & Statistics
In 1982 the President and Congress created the 110,000-acre National Volcanic Monument for research, recreation, and education. The Monument is dedicated to the protection of the unique natural features created by the 1980 eruption for the benefit of future generations. This monument is actually maintained by the National Forest Service and is part of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest.
Within a few moments of the explosion in 1980, the slab of rock and ice slammed into Spirit Lake, crossed a ridge 1,300 feet high, and roared 14 miles down the Toutle River. The avalanche rapidly released pressurized gases within the volcano. A tremendous lateral explosion ripped through the avalanche and developed into a turbulent, stone-filled wind that swept over ridges and toppled trees. Wet, cement-like slurries of rock and mud scoured all sides of the volcano. Searing flows of pumice poured from the crater. A vast, gray landscape lay where once the forested slopes of Mount St. Helens grew.

After the May 18, 1980 eruption, thick pasty lava crept onto the crater floor, building a lava dome. Pressure from steam and volcanic gas caused this dome to explode, sending hot rocks across the crater floor. Over the next six years, this cycle of dome building eruptions and destructive explosions occurred several times. When the last dome building eruption ended in October of 1986, the dome was 900-feet tall and 3000-feet wide.

In late September 2004, after 18 years of relative quiet, hundreds of earthquakes signaled Mount St. Helens’ reawakening. Activity increased, producing the first steam eruption on October 1st. Thousands of people flocked to the volcano hoping to witness geologic history. Over the next ten days larger steam explosions showered the crater and flanks with ash, and a portion of the crater glacier began to swell, as magma moved under the crater’s ice and snow.

By October 11th, the first small fin of new lava broke the surface. The thick, pasty lava formed a lava dome, a common feature of Cascade Volcanoes. The new dome grew at a steady pace, about a dump truck load every second through December. By February of 2005, the pace of the lava extrusion had slowed, but the new dome was already over 1450 feet high and 1600 feet long.

Inside the Monument, the environment is left to respond naturally to the disturbance. Lessons learned by scientists have improved our understanding of volcanic processes, extended our ability to forecast future eruptions, and provided insight into how ecosystems respond to catastrophic disturbances. Each year thousands of students visit Mount St. Helens and are enriched by discoveries from research.

Natural Features
Mount St. Helens is an active volcano in southwest Washington. By October 11, 1980 the first small fin of new lava broke the surface. The thick, pasty lava formed a lava dome, a common feature of Cascade Volcanoes. The new dome grew at a steady pace, about a dump truck load every second through December. By February of 2005, the pace of the lava extrusion had slowed, but the new dome was already over 1450 feet high and 1600 feet long.
Today, the crater and lava dome are often cloaked in a haze of dust resulting from rocks falling from the crater walls and occasional wisps of steam from the lava dome. This still retains a considerable amount of heat and due to erosion has developed deep gullies in the crater floor. These in turn get filled with water and become thermal springs and a special habitat for bacteria and other microbial life. The United States Geological Survey scientists continue to monitor the volcano for earthquakes, swelling, microbial life and gas emissions. Those who do so face dangers from possible pathogenic bacteria to almost constant rock fall from unstable walls.

In the crater, much more snow falls each winter than melts during the summer. The almost perfect north facing amphitheater, formed by the crater walls, shades this snow. Rocks that tumble to the crater floor insulate this growing mass of snow and ice. Time and pressure from over-lying snow slowly change this snow to ice. Since 1982, scientists estimate that the thickness of the ice mass has increased by nearly 50 feet each year. Surface cracks suggest that the ice mass is beginning to move. As the size of the ice mass increases it may begin to erode the lava dome it surrounds. Today, the snow and ice in the crater is equal in volume to all of the pre-eruption glaciers on Mount St. Helens combined. Geologists are carefully monitoring the growth of North America’s youngest glacier because rapid melting by a future eruption could produce a massive mudflow and potentially threaten downstream areas.

Prior to the eruption Spirit Lake and other lakes were typical cold, clear mountain lakes (low nutrients, productivity and temperature with high clarity). The removal and virtual vaporization of forest vegetation by the blast caused great changes in the physical and chemical structure of lakes within the blast zone. Tremendous quantities of useable ammonium, carbon and other energy sources (sulfur, iron and manganese) were leached into the lakes as rainwater percolated through the shattered forest and ash deposits.

Lakes such as Spirit, Coldwater and Castle Lakes that were closer to the volcano were much more heavily impacted. The levels of organic and inorganic nutrients that leached into the lakes were much higher where deposits were thicker and blast intensities (shredding and scorching of forest vegetation) were greater. The water in Spirit Lake was completely displaced by the avalanche and heated to body temperature (a 200 foot (60 m) wave washed against the ridges to the north).

Coldwater and Castle Lakes are two examples of lakes that were created as rainwater was impounded inside drainages by the debris avalanche deposit. Meta Lake is an example of a high elevation lake where fish survived the eruption first under ice cover and then in a lens of fresh water that persisted on the surface following the spring thaw. Ryan Lake is one of many lakes not covered with ice where fish perished as microbial activity tied up the available oxygen in the excessively nutrient rich waters that developed in the months following the eruption.

Widespread oxygen depletion occurred as bacterial populations responded to increased nutrient levels. Within the first year after the eruption the biological system was transformed from oxygen based system to one dominated by anaerobic heterotrophs (methanogens that obtain their energy from either hydrogen or acetate). Anoxic conditions persisted for a relatively short period of time. Within five years after the eruption the lakes had mostly returned to normal as wind and seasonal turnover stirred oxygen into the water column and available nutrients were depleted as dead microbes and fine sediments settled to the bottom of the lakes.

Even though the Monument Act specifically allows opportunities for recreational fishing, it was determined that representative lakes within the blast zone (including Spirit Lake) would be set aside for scientific research and would not be stocked with fish. “These recommendations recognize the value of managing for a recreational fishery on some lakes, while allowing others to remain undisturbed so that natural recovery processes may continue unimpeded with the option for research studies (Page 41, Monument Fish and Wildlife Plan, 1989).” The Washington State Wildlife Commission has closed Spirit Lake to fishing consistent with the Monument’s Fish and Wildlife Plan. The Commission recognizes the importance of Spirit Lake and its surroundings as a unique natural laboratory for research and for the enjoyment of future generations. This will allow future Monument visitors to witness the natural recovery process unimpeded by human activity.

The Spirit Lake basin and valley of North Fork of the Toutle River west to Monument boundary (Class I Research Area) is closed to public access, except on developed trails. At this time, the only trail access to Spirit Lake is to the northeastern shore of the lake via the Harmony Falls Trail located off Forest Road 99. Spirit Lake is listed as closed for fishing in the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife regulation pamphlet. Monument policy clearly indicates that access to the Spirit Lake basin (and rest of the Class I Research Area) will be on developed trails only. This will help protect opportunities for long-term research and allow our future visitors to have the opportunity to observe nature’s own recovery processes at work in Spirit Lake.

Flora
Some plants and animals did survive the eruption. Plants such as willow, vine maple and black cottonwood were able to re-sprout from roots protected in moist soil. Not all plants and animals that survived the blast were able to survive the harsh conditions that followed, but those that did helped to pave the way for new colonizers. Ponds and springs created by the eruption became the centers of life for survivors and colonizers. Many areas around the volcano still have a desert-like appearance, but the vast majority of plant and animal species that were found at Mount St. Helens prior to the 1980 eruption have returned.
Probably the biggest single factor aiding forest recovery on managed lands has been tree planting. The Forest Service salvaged 200 million board feet of blown down and standing dead timber from 10,000 acres. To date nearly 10 million trees have been planted to reforest more than 14,000 acres of National Forest land. The survival of planted trees has been very good because forest managers used the best planting techniques and planting stock available. Survival of planted trees has generally exceeded 70 percent. Trees planted 10 miles northeast of the volcano in the Clearwater valley are growing well and many plantations are ready for pre-commercial thinning.

Activities in the Park
Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument has nearly 200 miles of trails where hikers can experience features of the 1980 eruption. Most of these trails can be accessed without a permit. Popular backpacking trails in the Monument include: Boundary Trail #1 east of Norway Pass, Loowit Trail #216 which circles the volcano, Green River Trail #213, and the Goat Mountain Trail #217 which traverse high lakes and old growth forest north of the 1980 blast area. Trails vary in difficulty from short, accessible interpretive loops to longer, steep narrow trails that challenge even experienced hikers. Consult with Monument staff to pick the trails that best meet your needs.

Climbing Mount St. Helens is popular with both experienced and beginning mountaineers. Late spring through early fall is the most popular season. The climb is not a trail hike; it is a rugged, off-trail scramble. The climb is suitable for people in good physical condition who are comfortable on steep irregular terrain. Most climbers use the Monitor Ridge route from Climbers Bivouac. The route climbs 4,500 feet from trailhead to the rim in a distance of about 5 miles. Most mountain climbers complete the round trip in 7 to 12 hours. A climbing permit is required year-round to climb above 4,800 feet elevation. Although people climb Mount St. Helens year-round, late spring through early fall is the most popular season. Entry into the crater is strictly prohibited.

Climbing is permitted during the winter season (November 1 through May 14). A permit is required, and must be purchased at Jack’s Restaurant Climbers Register, 23 miles cast of I-5, on State Hwy. 503 (Woodland exit 21). There is no charge for climbing November 1 – March 31. The most direct winter climbing route is from Marble Mountain Sno-Park via the Swift Creek Ski Trail, up the Worm Flows to the top of Monitor Ridge, and on to the summit. Winter mountaineers should be experienced in winter climbing techniques and avalanche terrain travel, and should exercise caution during any ascent. Take special care at the crater rim, where cornices can extend 100 feet over the edge.

Camping in the Mount Margaret Backcountry is only one of the many ways to explore Mount St. Helens backcountry. Mount St. Helens has nearly 200 miles of hiking trails where hikers can experience features of the 1980 eruption. Most of these trails can be accessed without a permit. Some circle the volcano, while others traverse high lakes and old growth forest north of the 1980 blast area. Trails vary in difficulty from short, accessible interpretive loops to longer, steep narrow trails that challenge even experienced hikers. Consult with Monument staff to pick the trails that best meet your needs.

You can travel more than 1,200 miles of trail of varying difficulty in the national forest. Some low-elevation trails, which open in the spring, have displays of early wildflowers. However, most trails are located in upper-elevation forest and alpine areas, which may be snow covered until July. Nearly 300 miles of trail are located within the Wildernesses. Approximately 150 miles of trails are constructed to barrier-free standards with several levels of difficulty. Approximately 150 miles of the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail traverses the Forest through spectacular, scenic high country, including the Indian Heaven, Mt. Adams, and Goat Rock Wildernesses.

Hikers may explore trails that lead to the sapphire lakes, pinnacle studded ridges and flowered mountain slopes of the Mount Margaret Backcountry. Visitors to this rugged and spectacular portion of the Monument can also see effects of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The lateral blast, a hot stone filled wind, shattered trees and swirled around peaks and basins as it toppled thousands of acres of pristine forest. Margaret, Bear and Dome camps have views of Mount St. Helens and the growing lava dome.�
West side trails offer close-up views of the crater, newly formed lakes and the barren pumice plain. Hike on the landslide deposit and discover how water has created new habitats. Drinking water is located at Coldwater Lake and the Visitor Centers. East, beyond the reach of the volcano’s power, old-growth forests and lush vegetation offer a sharp contrast to the gray in the blast area. Trails along Forest Road 99 lead hikers into the heart of the blast area and provide outstanding views of Spirit Lake. Water pumps are located at Norway Pass Trailhead on Forest Road 26 and the Meta Lake Trailhead on Forest Road 99. South side trails offer outstanding opportunities to learn about ancient lava flows and recent mudflows that scoured down the slopes of Mount St. Helens. Discover the longest continuous lava tube in the continental U.S. formed more than 1,900 years ago. There are no water pumps on this side of the Monument. Popular backpacking trails in the Monument include: Boundary Trail #1 east of Norway Pass, Loowit Trail #216 which circles the volcano, Green River Trail #213 and the Goat Mountain Trail #217 which traverse high lakes and old growth forest north of the 1980 blast area.

Mount Margaret Backcountry is located in the 1980 blast area about 7 miles north of Mount St. Helens. Visitors to Mount Margaret Backcountry should be aware that ash fall from Mount St. Helens remains a possibility. Growth of the new lava dome inside the crater of Mount St. Helens continues. As long as this eruption is in progress, episodic changes in the level of activity can occur over days, weeks, or even months. Increase in the intensity of eruption could occur suddenly or with very little warning and may include explosive events that produce hazardous conditions within several miles of the volcano.

Discover the inside of an ancient lava flow at Ape Cave. Allow an hour to explore the lower section and two and a half hours to hike the more difficult upper portion of the cave. Between late June and Labor Day services available include ranger-led tours, lantern rentals, and a small book store. A Recreation Day Pass is required and available there.

On May 18, 1980, slurries of wet concrete-like mud scoured away the forest, exposing an ancient lava flow at Lava Canyon & Lahar. Today, enjoy the thrill of a rushing river with impressive waterfalls. Walking terrain varies and may be slippery. Take extra caution and stay on the trail! A Recreation Day Pass is required and available here. Nearby Lahar Viewpoint offers a striking view of the mountain and the power of the mudflows.

At Windy Ridge / Spirit Lake Viewpoints you will encounter the lateral blast’s full impact as you transition from green forest to standing dead forest to blown down forest. Discover Spirit Lake’s immense floating forest. It is open seasonally. Opportunities include ranger-led programs, hiking trails, gift shop, and a restaurant. A Recreation Day Pass is required and available at various sites along Forest Roads 90 and 99.

Snow trails in the Mount St. Helens Winter Recreation Area are available for snowmobiling, skiing, or snowshoeing. The use of wheeled vehicles (including motorcycles and ATV’S) on these routes is strictly prohibited. Roads outside the winter recreation area are generally open for use by wheeled vehicles. 36 CFR 261 prohibits mechanized and motorized equipment in wilderness areas. This means snowmobiles are not allowed in wilderness areas. Cross-country skiing is allowed. Please note that some of the groomed snowmobile trails run parallel with the Wilderness boundaries. Keep snowmobiles outside Wilderness areas.

During the winter recreation season, from mid-November through April the Sno-Parks are open for sledding and winter family fun. A Washington or Oregon State Sno-Park permit is required for parking at either the Cougar or Marble Mountain Sno-Parks.

The Gifford Pinchot National Forest has more than 20 species of fish in 1,360 miles of streams and over 100 lakes. Three species of anadromous fish (chinook and coho salmon, and steelhead trout) and several species of resident salmonids (rainbow trout, kokanee salmon, brown trout, and cutthroat trout), including two species of char (bull trout and eastern brook trout); can be found within Forest waters. More than 90 percent of the streams on the Forest have a self-sustaining resident fishery. Fish populations are supplemented with hatchery fish in some forest lakes and streams. High mountain lakes may not be accessible until the late-spring snow melts. Excellent opportunities for both bait and fly fishing abound. There are high mountain lakes north of Mount St. Helens that are among a number of lakes in the volcanic blast zone that are readily accessible by road or trail and are available for recreational fishing. The Lakes Trail has several lakes that support Eastern Brook Trout. Anglers must follow state regulations.

There are some outstanding waterfall-viewing opportunities on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Big Creek is located in Upper Lewis River. There is a 500 foot Barrier-free trail leading to the viewpoint. The trail continues for one mile, passing another waterfall, to a viewpoint over looking the Lewis River Valley. The waterfall drops approximately 125 feet into pool. Davis Creek is located at Upper Cowlitz. The waterfall drops about 100 feet while the creek runs under the road. Dry Creek or Puff Falls lies in the Wind River Valley and has a 120 foot waterfall. Falls Creek in the same valley ahs a series of three falls dropping about 200 to 250 feet. There are several others worth checking into at the visitor centers for their locations.

Gifford Pinchot National Forest Wilderness Areas offer 180,600 acres of wilderness. Wilderness provides more than an opportunity to find solitude and natural beauty. The wilderness environment is an important habitat for many species of animal and plant life. Its forests act as a watershed storing rain and snow for gradual release to streams and rivers. Wilderness provides the environment for scientists to study the dynamics of natural ecological relationships. Wilderness management must recognize and protect these many benefits. The Forest Service gathers information from Wilderness visitors to monitor Wilderness use, set trail maintenance priorities, and plan work for Wilderness rangers. Much of this information comes from Wilderness permits, which are now required for entry in the Goat Rocks Wilderness. Permits are self-issued, free and are available at all Wilderness Trailheads.

Along with horseback riding, hiking, or climbing, people may hunt, fish, or trap. A small number of outfitting and guiding services operate under special use permits. The 105,600-acre Goat Rocks Wilderness is located on the northern portion of the Forest. It is a rugged beautiful land of flinty pinnacles, icy snowfields and glaciers, surrounded by flower-carpeted meadows. Elevations range from 3,000 to 8,200 feet. The Wilderness derives its name from the mountain goats that inhabit its peaks. Along the west slope of Mt. Adams lays the 47,270-acre Mt. Adams Wilderness. The 12,276-foot high Mt. Adams is the second highest peak in the Northwest after Mt. Rainier. Mt. Adams Wilderness is bounded on the east by the Yakima Indian Reservation. Wilderness trails offer the traveler spectacular views of Mt. Adams and its glaciers, tumbling streams, open alpine forests, and wildflowers scattered among lava flows and rimrocks. Since the eruption of Mount St. Helens, Mt. Adams has become a popular attraction for mountain climbers.

Canoeing, kayaking, rafting, and other forms of boating can be found here. However, gas powered motors are prohibited on most Forest lakes. Swimming may be limited to hardy persons who can endure the cold water of mountain lakes.

Environmental Impact
Probably the biggest single factor aiding forest recovery on managed lands has been tree planting. The Forest Service salvaged 200 million board feet of blown down and standing dead timber from 10,000 acres. To date nearly 10 million trees have been planted to reforest more than 14,000 acres of National Forest land. The survival of planted trees has been very good because forest managers used the best planting techniques and planting stock available. Survival of planted trees has generally exceeded 70 percent.
Erosion played a very important positive role in the recovery of native plants at Mount St. Helens and, ultimately, the long-term stabilization of blast zone hill slopes. From the standpoint of ecosystem recovery at St. Helens, erosion should be viewed as a positive process. The erosion that occurred during the first winter broke up the overlying ash and enabled many native plants to re-sprout and survive. In many areas where thick ash deposits prevented re-sprouting plant recovery was restricted to erosion gullies on steep slopes. These early plant survivors provided a good seedbed (shade and litter) and thus paved the way for the recovery of plant life in the blast zone.

The positive influence of erosion on vegetation recovery is a key lesson learned for managers of Cascade Volcanoes. Where eruptions bury existing vegetation and ash deposits are comparatively thin (less than 10 inches) it is very likely that the surviving native vegetation will be the most dominant force in stabilizing the hill slopes. In these cases it is unlikely that introduction of non-native grass species will be a cost effective means of revegetation.

Weather
Wind, rain, fog and even snow can form quickly any time of the year. The temperature at the rim of Mt. St. Helens can be 20 to 30 degrees colder than that of the surrounding valleys. Be prepared with proper layered clothing.

Rules, Regulations and Safety
Hypothermia literally means low (hypo) temperature (thermia). Our “normal” body temperature is around 98.6°F (37°C) and it can only operate in a very narrow temperature range. In order to stay within this narrow temperature range we need to either generate or conserve our body heat. We can generate heat by increasing our metabolism by becoming active (hiking faster, doing jumping jacks, etc). To conserve this additional heat we may cross our arms or simply add more clothing. At some point in a hypothermic victim their body’s ability to generate and conserve heat is overcome by the amount of heat loss. Hypothermia occurs most commonly when the air temperature is between 30-50°F (-1-10°C). Don’t wait until winter to think about hypothermia. In the outdoors we should be concerned about hypothermia all year round. Wet clothes lose about 90% of their insulating value. Make sure your rain gear works. Wind carries heat away by driving cold air through clothing. Wear a wind breaker and protect your skin. Exercise drains your energy reserves. Stop and rest frequently while you still have energy and eat frequently to replace energy expended.
Symptoms include uncontrollable fits of shivering, vague, slow, slurred speech, memory lapses, incoherence, fumbling hands, stumbling, drowsiness, apparent exhaustion, and inability to get up after a rest. To avoid these stay dry, dress in warm layers when you are going to be out in the elements, avoid exposure, be aware of the wind chill factor, drink plenty of fluids and eat high energy foods frequently. If symptoms begin, get out of the elements and into dry clothing. When possible build a fire and get warm. Drink warm fluids and dive into a warm sleeping bag. Attempt to warm the victim by providing heat to the chest area. Do not attempt to warm the extremities first. Keep the person severely affected, awake. Never ignore the symptoms of hypothermia.

At 10,000 feet, air contains only two-thirds the oxygen it has at sea level. In addition, the higher air pressure at sea level easily forces the available oxygen through the thin lining of the lungs into the bloodstream. At high elevations, there is less air pressure and the available oxygen is not so easily forced through the lung walls. This can result in altitude sickness. The symptoms are listlessness, loss of appetite, weakness, apathy, nausea, dizziness and drowsiness. Stop and rest, breathe deeply a few times, and obtain nourishment from simple sugars such as candy or fruit juices. Travel to a lower elevation. By keeping in good physical condition and eating a well-balanced diet, you can help prevent this. Avoid sudden trips to high altitudes requiring immediate physical exercise and drink plenty of water. This can also help in hyperventilation, an increase in rate of breathing causing a lowering of carbon dioxide in the blood. This makes you feel lightheaded, cold, apprehensive and excited. Smokers and anyone using depressant drugs are more apt to suffer from altitude difficulties.

Camping, hiking, or climbing in the higher elevations can be challenging. Portions of trails are often covered by snow until midsummer. Be prepared to cross snow slopes if you plan an early season visit. Trails in the Mount Margaret Backcountry have narrow tread, are steep in places and can climb over 2,000 feet in elevation. Some trails are very challenging. The Whittier Trail #214, in particular, is very narrow and crosses steep cliffs; it is not suitable for hikers that are uncomfortable with heights. Stay on the trail; off-trail travel is prohibited with a $100.00 minimum fine. Bicycles are prohibited. When fire danger is high, trails and access in some areas may be closed. Rolling rocks are a hazard in certain areas, particularly during the latter part of the summer. Heed the first signs of weather changes, darkness, loss of route, and fatigue while you can still place yourself in a protected and secure position. Always maintain visual contact with the person in front of you and the person behind you. Protect your eyes from snow blindness and your body from sunburn.

Follow the camp rules and be sure to use the “leave no trace” policy and leave nothing behind. Stay on trails and paved areas. Do not remove or disturb any natural feature. Do not feed wild animals. Please do not litter, pack out your trash. What you carry in, please carry out. Take food in easily compressed packages, such as foil, that requires little space in your gear. Avoid leaving human waste near any water source. If you are in a group, avoid concentrating wastes. Nature can assimilate only small quantities at a time. Bury solid waste 6 inches underground. Shortcutting trail switchbacks are prohibited. Camping within 100 feet of lakes or the Pacific Crest Trail is prohibited. Grazing, hitching, or tethering of stock within 200 feet of lakes is prohibited. Livestock feed must be weed-free certified hay or processed feed. Help keep weeds out of Wilderness. You may cache or store equipment, personal property or supplies for 48 hours or less. Treat all water or bring it from home.

All hikers are responsible for their own safety. Let someone know your destination and your return time. It is best to never hike alone. A good backpacking checklist is: topographical map, compass, GPS unit, flashlight or headlamp with spare bulbs and batteries, extra food and water, water purification system, collapsible water container, 1-2 quart water bottle, gaiters, gloves, extra clothing including rain gear, sunglasses and sunscreen, a First aid kit, signal mirror or whistle, an ice axe for climbing on snow, and the usual camping equipment for the weather-sleeping bags and mats, sturdy tents, good hiking boots, backpack, pocket knife, matches wrapped in a waterproof container, fire starter, camp stove and fuel. Additional climbing gear could be crampons, rope, route markers, climbing boots and human waste pack-out bags to remove solid wastes.

To protect research opportunities and natural features, some portions of the Mount Margaret Backcountry are closed to public entry. Closed areas include the Boot Lake basin, St. Helens Lake, all areas south of the Boundary Trail #1 and a few other areas where research activity is taking place. Camping is prohibited at Grizzly, Venus and Lower Venus Lakes as well as areas within the blast area which are not designated for camping.

A restricted area has been established in the heart of the National Volcanic Monument to protect opportunities for scientific research and allow for the recovery of plant and animal life. The following rules apply in the restricted area: Stay on the trail; off-trail travel prohibited. No camping is allowed in the restricted area. Disturbing research plots or removal of any natural feature is strictly prohibited. Access into the crater is strictly prohibited. Fires are not allowed within the blast area. Stoves are allowed within the blast area. Pets and bicycles are prohibited. For more detailed information and maps, contact one of the Visitor Centers or a Forest Ranger District Office.

Yakama Indian Reservation is closed to public use. The boundary between the Gifford Pinchot National Forest and the Reservation in the Midway-Meadows area is a north-south line over the summit of Potato Hill. Trespassers will be cited.

Wilderness Regulation Permits are required to enter the following Wilderness areas on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest: Indian Heaven, Mt. Adams, Goat Rocks, William O. Douglas, Trapper Creek, Tatoosh, and Glacier View. (This includes the portion of the Goat Rocks and William O. Douglas Wildernesses on the Wenatchee National Forest.) Permits are used to collect accurate visitor information. There is no charge for these permits. The self-issuing permits are mandatory and are available at all trailheads leading into these Wildernesses, and (to take to the trailhead) at the Packwood and Naches Ranger Stations. No motorized or wheeled conveyances are allowed in any Wilderness. Copies of Wilderness Regulations are available at all Ranger Stations. Mechanized and motorized vehicles are not permitted in Wilderness areas. This includes snowmobiles in the wintertime and bicycles anytime. Violators will be prosecuted.

Climbing Permits are required year-round. Each person must display their permit during their climb. Climbing is limited to 100 climbers a day from May 15 through October 31. Maximum party size is 12 people. Climber registration is required. The Climbers Register is located outside Jack’s Restaurant and Store. Any commercial use, including paid guiding is prohibited, unless authorized by a Special Use Permit. Contact Monument Headquarters at 360-449-7800 for more information. All climbers should carry extra clothing and rain wear, sun protection for eyes and skin, extra food and water, sturdy boots, gaiters, gloves, topographical map and a first aid kit.

Pets are prohibited at many Monument sites and trails, especially in some of the most sensitive landscapes. Along State Highway 504, pets are restricted to the pet areas at the Coldwater Ridge Visitor Center, Coldwater Lake Recreation Area, and Johnson Ridge Observatory. Pets must be on a leash six feet or less in length at all times. For the sake of your pet, consider leaving it at home. There are areas in the Monument where you can hike and camp with your pet. Contact Monument Headquarters or the Visitor Centers more information.

If you remove anything from federal land, you must have a “special forest products” permit. If you are removing a product for personal use, you must get a “personal use” permit. If you are pursuing a commercial venture, you must obtain a “commercial use” permit. Please check with the District Office nearest you, to obtain a complete list of “special forest products” and for information on where to obtain the permit you need.

The Ape Cave tour has uneven terrain and a temperature of 42*F/6*C year round. Bring warm clothes, sturdy shoes, and two light sources per person.

Mount St. Helen is still an active volcano. If you encounter ash fall remain calm, cover your nose and mouth with a moist cloth, and wait until the ash settles before resuming travel. There are periodic closures of the mountain or camping areas due to volcanic activity. Be sure to check with the park before you arrive.

Trails in the Mount Margaret Backcountry are narrow, rugged and many climb over 2,000 feet. Some trails and camps will remain snow covered until early July. Pets, livestock and campfires are prohibited and camping is limited to designated sites only. Campsites are located at Snow, Shovel, Panhandle and Obscurity Lakes as well as near Mount Margaret, Bear Pass, The Dome and the intersection of Coldwater trail #230 and South Coldwater Trail #230A. Margaret, Bear and Dome camps have views of Mount St. Helens and the growing lava dome.

Wildlife
Some plants and animals did survive the eruption. Pocket gophers in underground burrows, fish in ice covered lakes and salamanders hibernating in mud were protected from the hot, stone-filled wind of the lateral blast. Not all plants and animals that survived the blast were able to survive the harsh conditions that followed, but those that did helped to pave the way for new colonizers. Winds brought light seeds and insects to the area. Plants and insects attracted birds, deer and elk. Heavier seeds rode in on the feathers of birds and in elk droppings. Ponds and springs created by the eruption became the centers of life for survivors and colonizers. Many areas around the volcano still have a desert-like appearance, but the vast majority of plant and animal species that were found at Mount St. Helens prior to the 1980 eruption have returned.
Of the 32 species of small mammals thought to be living near Mount St. Helens only 14 were known to have survived. The eruption adversely affected small mammals either directly through immediate injury or death or indirectly by reducing the availability of food, water or hiding cover. Small mammals that live beneath the soil surface such as the already mentioned, northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides) or hibernators such as the Pacific jumping mouse (Zappus trinotatus) survived where other surface dwelling or non-hibernating animals perished. Species that have returned to the blast zone tend to be generalists having few specific habitat requirements and a broad food base (deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus and golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus saturatus). Species with narrower requirements will probably not return until forest vegetation recovers and food and hiding cover are abundant.

Large mammals did not survive but animals from adjacent, less-disturbed areas were able to move into the blast zone soon after the eruption. These animals found prime habitat due to the availability of high quality summer forage from surviving plants and winter forage from grass and clover planted to control erosion on the debris avalanche deposit west of the Monument.

The availability of winter forage contributed greatly to the recovery of the elk population. Some, like the Roosevelt elk have returned in numbers that far exceed pre-1980 populations. It is not unusual to see large herds of bull elk running together on the debris avalanche or in the blast zone north of the volcano. Elk viewing is a very popular activity among Monument visitors. The Columbia black-tailed deer also found prime habitat due to the availability of high quality summer forage from surviving plants and winter forage from grass and clover planted to control erosion on the debris avalanche deposit west of the Monument. The winter of ’98 buried the available forage for elk and deer beneath a record snow pack (more than three times normal). More than 200 elk starved to death in the snow-covered blast zone as winter snow blocked their access to forage in a late spring. The record snow pack of ‘98 had placed an additional stress on a population that had already begun to run up against the limits of the available food supply during the winter season. The reduction in forage was due in part to the growth of forest plantations on private lands adjacent to the Monument. As the branches of adjacent plantation trees have grown together the availability of sunlight for the growth of forage between the plantation trees has been greatly reduced. What turned out to be a very stressful winter for elk at the volcano turned into a boon for scavengers and predators. Animals like coyote, bear and even wolverines were sighted in places in the blast zone where they had never been seen before.

Bird survival was restricted to areas on the margins of the blast zone where ash fall was the only disturbance. Recolonization of the blast zone occurred very quickly (hours, days, weeks) due to the tremendous dispersing capability of birds. Ten years after the eruptions, few species are present in the pyroclastic flow, debris avalanche and tree blow-down zones where vegetation recovery has been relatively slow. The common raven (Corvus corax), mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides) and white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) are examples of species that have returned to the most heavily disturbed areas. The standing dead forests harbor species such as the American robin (Turdus migratorius), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus) and red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis) but lack many of the foliage loving species found in undisturbed forests. Ash fall areas support bird life similar to adjacent, undisturbed forested sites. In time as the blast zone returns to a forested condition we should observe a return of bird life found in adjacent, undisturbed forests.

The first resident invertebrates observed in the blast zone, apart from ant colonies that survived below ground, were ballooning spiders and beetles. Ballooning spiders spin a parachute-like web that enables them to disperse long distances. These animals are scavenging predators that feed upon other insects that are blown into the area. On a summer day the upper air column is filled with flying insects that are swept aloft and carried great distances. Wind blown insects are actually helping to pave the way for the development of future forests at Mount St. Helens. More and more insects are colonizing the blast zone as developing plant life provides a source of food and shelter. Grasshoppers forage among the lupines on the pumice plain. Such insects provide a food source for small mammals and insectivorous birds. As food and shelter become increasingly available animals are colonizing the blast zone in ever increasing numbers.

Many amphibians were inactive at the time of the eruption burrowed in lake or stream bottoms or beneath logs and rocks. Survival was generally greater among the aquatic than terrestrial forms due to the tremendous sheltering capacity of water and moist sediments. Recolonization of newly formed habitats was particularly rapid for highly mobile amphibians (frogs and toads) that can travel considerable distances during cool, wet weather. Research Ecologist Charlie Crisafulli of the US Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station estimates that there are 5,000 western toads living in the Mount St. Helens area. This is particularly impressive given that populations of western toads are declining in other locations in western North America. Crisafulli attributes their relative success to a temporary lapse in populations of their natural predators following the eruption and an abundance of algae, a key food source in open blast pools and lakes.

During the early years following the eruption garter snakes (Thamnophis spp.) and Northern alligator lizards (Elgaria coerulea) were observed only in ashfall areas outside of the blast zone.

Wildlife Warnings
Don’t feed the wildlife. Remember that elk are huge animals and can be unpredictable. Also remember that this is a fragile, recovering area. See the Wildlife Precautions page for further animal safety tips.

Fees
The Monument Pass is a one-day per person pass required at the Coldwater Lake Recreation Area, and Johnston Ridge Observatory and costs $8 for Adult 16 and older, free for 15 and under. Admission to Mount St. Helens Visitor Center at Silver Lake will be $3 for ages 18 and older, $1 for ages 7 to 17, and free for ages 6 and younger.

The Northwest Forest Pass is required at recreation facilities on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest where this fee is charged. Expect to need a Northwest Forest Pass where there are facilities, trails or services that the Forest Service provides to enhance your experience. The Northwest Forest Pass is not valid where other fees are charged, such as at concession-operated campgrounds or day-use sites or at Forest Service-operated campgrounds where a nightly camping fee is charged. The cost is $5 per day or $30 for an annual pass. Passes are available at Forest Service offices, many retail outlets, and by phone (800) 270-7504.

Interagency Annual Pass, Interagency Senior Pass, and the Interagency Access Pass are all honored at all U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Reclamation, and US Fish & Wildlife Service sites charging entrance or standard amenity fees.

Camping fees run from free to $5-35 a site depending on the campsite in the Mt. St. Helens area and how many vehicles you have. All campers in the Mount Margaret Backcountry must carry a valid Northwest Forest Pass and camping permit. A backcountry permit, which covers camping, is free of charge, but must be accompanied by a Northwest Forest Pass to be valid. Permit applications will be accepted via mail, FAX and in person at Monument Headquarters. Allow three weeks total for processing when applying by mail or FAX. Call for the fax number.

A $15 per person climbing permit fee plus a $7 service charge is required for a one day climbing permit from April 1 through October 31. the Mount St. Helens Institute starts selling the permits in early February. Climbing permit fees are not refundable.

During the winter recreation season, from mid-November through April, a Washington or Oregon State Sno-Park permit is required for parking at either the Cougar or Marble Mountain Sno-Parks. Check with the forest service as fees vary.

Camping
There are several campgrounds in the Mt. St. Helens area. Two of them are state parks: Sequest State Park on State Hwy 504 and Lewis & Clark State Park on U.S. Hwy 12 (800-452-5687). Four of them are located on State Hwy 503: Cougar, Beaver Bay, Cresap Bay and Swift (503-813-6666). On Forrest Road 23 is Tower Rock (877-444-6777) and on Forest Road 25 is Iron Creek (877-444-6777). Sunset Falls is located on Forest Road 42 (360-449-7800), with Kalama Horse Camp (360-449-7800) and Merill Lake (360-577-2025) located on Forest Road. 81. The last two are to be found on Forest Road 90 and are Lewis River Horse Camp and Lower Falls (360-449-7800). Horse camps are for Horse Camping only April 1 – September 30.
Campgrounds can fill up fast. Making a reservation will guarantee you a camp site. Dispersed camping is permitted outside the Restricted Area. No fires are allowed in the blown down forest of the Monument. Plan to use a camp stove to cook. When fire danger is high, trails and access in some areas may be closed. The campgrounds range from primitive to RV campsites. The season varies with the weather so call the camp you are interested in to see if it is open.

Eight camps are located in Mount Margaret Backcountry and can accommodate tent campers. Each campsite has a level, wooden framed, earth filled tent pad as well as a gray water sump for waste water from washing and cooking. Solar composting toilets are also provided. Water from any source should be treated before drinking. Camping is limited to designated campgrounds only. Maximum group size for camping is four people. To protect natural features, pets and pack stock are prohibited. Also, fires are not allowed, so plan to use a camp stove for cooking. All campsites may be snow covered in early summer, if you plan an early season trip be prepared to camp on snow.

Ridge Camp is located along the Coldwater Trail #230 at an elevation of 3,800 feet. Near the camp there are views of Coldwater Lake, Minnie Peak and Coldwater Creek canyon. In early summer, water is available from a spring 1/4 mile north of the camp. This water source is dry in late summer and autumn. Carry your own water.

Dome Camp, Margaret Camp and Bear Camps are all located along the Boundary Trail #1 at elevations over 5,000 feet. At or near each camp, there are stunning views of the Spirit Lake Basin, Mount St. Helens and the rugged peaks of the Mount Margaret Backcountry. Water is available from small springs north of the Boundary Trail.

Shovel, Snow, Obscurity and Panhandle Camps are all located along the Lakes Trail #211, beside tranquil mountain lakes. These lakes are at elevations between 4,300 feet and 4,700 feet. In early summer, snow is usually present and the surfaces of the lakes may be partially frozen. At these camps, water is available from lakes and streams. These lakes support Eastern Brook Trout.

Nearby Attractions
Mount Rainier National Park, Olympic National Park, Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Snoqualmie National Forest, Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Yakama Indian Reservation, Beacon Rock State Park, and Big Cedars County Park are all nearby in Washington. Hares Canyon State Park, Wygant State Park, Smith And Bybee Lakes Wildlife Area, Forest Park and Washington Park are all nearby in Oregon.

Transportation
Mt. St. Helens is a one hour and fifteen minute drive time from Portland, OR, taking I-5, north to State Route 504 east to Castle Rock Exit #49. From Seattle, WA. it is a two hour drive, south on I-5 to State Route 504 east.
Approximate Mileage from the following major cities to Mount St. Helens:

By Car:
Portland, OR – 107.89 miles
Salem, OR – 153.89 miles
Seattle, Wa – 154.49 miles
Bellevue, WA – 157.49 miles
Vancouver, WA – 98.93 miles
Boise, ID – 530.25 miles

Contact the park
Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Monument Headquarters, 42218 N.E. Yale Bridge Rd, Amboy, WA 98601
Voice: (360) 449-7800
TTY: 360-891-5003
FAX: 360-449-7801
Mount Margaret Backcountry: 360-449-7871
Climbing Info-Line: 360-449-7861

US Forest Service
http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/mshnvm/

The park is located in SE Utah

Saddle up and gallop your way through Horseshoe Canyon, hike through to the Great Gallery, or make your journey through The Maze by foot or 4-Wheel-Drive; you decide as it’s your adventure to Utah’s largest national park, Canyonlands! One can see over 10,000 square miles from this pinnacle of land between the Colorado and Green River that carve out Canyonlands. Broad mesas, sweeping horizons, dizzying canyons and a multitude of tall red spires are just a few of the alluring sights. Hiking, horseback riding, 4WD off-roading, and biking are prominent ways to see what Canyonlands National Park has to offer! Check out below for great Canyonlands National Park information!!

Uniqueness
Canyonlands National Park preserves a colorful landscape of sedimentary sandstones eroded into countless canyons, mesas and buttes by the Colorado River and its tributaries. The Colorado and Green rivers divide the park into four districts: the Island in the Sky, the Needles, the Maze and the rivers themselves. While the districts share a primitive desert atmosphere, each retains its own character and offers different opportunities for exploration and learning. Carved out of vast sedimentary rock deposits, this landscape of canyons, mesas, and deep river gorges possesses remarkable natural features that are part of a unique desert ecosystem.

The Colorado River and its tributaries are one of the world’s most spectacular river systems. From its headwaters in the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, the river drops more than two miles on a 1,700-mile journey to the Gulf of California. The water becomes thick with sediment as it passes through the red rock canyons of the Colorado Plateau, and seasonal flow varies greatly. There are superb opportunities for white water rafting, canoeing and kayaking with rapids up to Class V.

To many, the most outstanding natural features of Canyonlands are the park’s geologic formations. In each of the districts, visitors can see the remarkable effects of millions of years of erosion on a landscape of sedimentary rock. Two unusual natural features are common in Canyonlands and intrigue both scientists and visitors: biological soil crust and potholes. Biological soil crust is a living groundcover that forms the foundation of high desert plant life. Potholes are naturally occurring basins in sandstone that collect rainwater and wind-blown sediment. These potholes harbor organisms that are able to survive long periods of dehydration, and also serve as a breeding ground for many high desert amphibians and insects. Both of these communities are very vulnerable to human impacts.

National parks preserve some of the darkest skies in the country. In some areas, it’s possible to see up to 15,000 stars throughout the night. The utter dark of a moonless night in Canyonlands surprises many visitors. At Canyonlands, the naked eye is sufficient to witness a wealth of stars. Under the right conditions, common binoculars may even reveal the rings of Saturn; however, a clear view of the Milky Way is more than an aesthetic experience.

Explore Canyonlands natural and cultural features on the hundreds of miles of hiking trails and roads. 337,570 acres complete this national park established on Sept. 12, 1964. The park is home to 800 year old rock art and ruins left by the prehistoric American Indians. The impressive Canyons and breathtaking scenery in this park is worthy of a family vacation.

Park and Visitor Center Hours
The Hans Flat Ranger Station is open year-round from 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. There is a small sales area with books and maps. There are no amenities like food or gas, no entrance fees and no potable water sources in the Maze District. The Ranger Station is two and one-half hours from Green River, Utah. From I-70, take Utah Highway 24 south for 24 miles. A left hand turn just beyond the turnoff to Goblin Valley State Park will take you along a two-wheel-drive dirt road 46 miles (76 km) southeast to the ranger station.

Island in the Sky Visitor Center is open 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. daily (except some winter holidays), with extended hours through spring and fall. Exhibits, publications, information, and optional viewing of a park orientation video are available. Bottled water is available for sale at the visitor center; no water is available elsewhere.

Needles Visitor Center is open year-round from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. (except some winter holidays), with extended hours March through October. Exhibits, information and publications are available. To reach the Needles center via US Highway 191: drive 40 miles (60 km) south of Moab or 14 miles (22 km) north of Monticello, then take Utah Highway 211 roughly 35 miles (56 km) west. Highway 211 ends in the Needles, and is the only paved road leading in and out of the district.

History & Statistics
Roughly two thousand years ago, early farmers called the ancestral Puebloan (formerly known as Anasazi) and Fremont people, grew maize, beans and squash, and kept dogs and turkeys. In order to tend their crops, they lived year-round in villages like those preserved at Mesa Verde National Park. Though the two groups overlapped, the Fremont lived mostly in central Utah, while the ancestral Puebloans occupied the Four Corners region. Over time, growing populations at Mesa Verde caused a search for suitable land all over southeast Utah’s canyon country. By A.D. 1200, large groups had moved into the Needles District, especially in Salt Creek. However, granaries and dwellings used by the ancestral Puebloans are scattered throughout the park. Examples of these structures can be seen at Roadside Ruin in the Needles, Aztec Butte on the Island in the Sky and along many backcountry trails.

Humans first visited Canyonlands over 10,000 years ago. Nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers roamed throughout the southwest from 8,000 B.C. to 500 B.C. Living off the land, these people depended on the availability of wild plants and animals for their survival. They do not appear to have stayed in any one area for very long. They left little in the way of artifacts and didn’t build homes or other lasting structures. However, the hunter-gatherers during this time created a great deal of intriguing rock art. Some of the best examples of their art, known as “Barrier Canyon Style,” remain on the cliff walls of Horseshoe Canyon. Horseshoe Canyon was added to Canyonlands in 1971 and contains some of the most significant rock art in North America.

Natural Features
Canyonlands National Park is a showcase of geology. In each of the districts, visitors can see the remarkable effects of millions of years of erosion on a landscape of sedimentary rock. For hundreds of millions of years, material was deposited from a variety of sources in what is now Canyonlands National Park. As movements in the earths crust altered surface features and the North American continent migrated north from the equator, the local environment changed dramatically. The uplifting of this region, known as the Colorado Plateau, marked a shift from a depositional environment to one of erosion. An erosion- resistant caprock of White Rim Sandstone may protect a weaker layer of shale until only a thin spire remains. Examples of such “standing rocks” can be seen in both the Island in the Sky and the Maze districts.

Another significant factor in the shaping of Canyonlands is the Paradox Formation; a layer of sea water evaporates from the Pennsylvanian Period. Deeply buried, the salts in this layer can liquefy under the weight of the overlying rock, flowing, like toothpaste, away from the source of greatest overburden. In response, the upper layers may bow up, creating a salt dome, or erode and collapse, creating a salt valley. This phenomenon is especially visible in the Needles, where parallel cracks or “joints” formed in the surface rock as buried layers slumped toward Cataract Canyon. These cracks are perpendicular to an older system of cracks created by the “Monument Uplift.” The resulting crosshatched pattern of joints has eroded so that great blocks of sandstone have been reduced to thin spires of rock. The grabens in the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park are a system of linear collapsed valleys caused by the movement of underlying salt layers toward the Colorado River canyon. The grabens begin near the Confluence of the Green and Colorado rivers and run roughly parallel to Cataract Canyon for 25 km, veering slightly west before they end. Graben is a German word meaning ditch or grave. In the geologic sense it is a collapsed or down-dropped block of rock that is bordered on its long sides by faults. The grabens are a very young geologic feature. Graben growth is thought to be a slow process where small, seismically undetectable movement occurs: as little as one inch per year. The grabens continue to drop and slide toward the river today, and are fascinating features in the Needles District.

In an area approximately three miles (5km) across, rock layers are dramatically deformed called Upheaval Dome. In the center, the rocks are pushed up into a circular structure called a dome, or an anticline. Surrounding this dome is a down warp in the rock layers called a syncline. What caused these folds at Upheaval Dome? Geologists do not know for sure, but there are two main theories which are hotly debated. The Salt Dome Theory: A thick layer of salt, formed by the evaporation of ancient landlocked seas, underlies much of southeastern Utah and Canyonlands National Park. When under pressure from thousands of feet of overlying rock, the salt can flow plastically, like ice moving at the bottom of a glacier. In addition, salt is less dense than sandstone. As a result, over millions of years salt can flow up through rock layers as a “salt bubble”, rising to the surface and creating salt domes that deform the surrounding rock. When geologists first suggested that Upheaval Dome was the result of a salt dome, they believed the land form resulted from erosion of the rock layers above the dome itself. Recent research suggests that a salt bubble as well as the overlying rock have been entirely removed by erosion and the present surface of Upheaval Dome is the pinched off stem below the missing bubble. If true, Upheaval Dome would earn the distinction of being the most deeply eroded salt structure on earth.

The Impact Crater Theory: When meteorites collide with the earth, they leave impact craters like the well-known one in Arizona. Some geologists estimate that roughly 60 million years ago, a meteorite with a diameter of approximately one-third of a mile hit at what is now the Upheaval Dome. The impact created a large explosion, sending dust and debris high into the atmosphere. The impact initially created an unstable crater that partially collapsed. As the area around Upheaval Dome reached equilibrium, the rocks underground heaved upward to fill the void left by the impact. Erosion since the impact has washed away any meteorite debris, and now provides a glimpse into the interior of the impact crater, exposing rock layers once buried thousands of feet underground. Whatever the origin of Upheaval Dome, it is the result of erosion of a structural dome. Rock layers now at the surface within the dome were once buried at least a mile underground and are not visible anywhere else in the nearby area. While some call this feature a crater, it is not a crater in the traditional sense of the word, but simply another example of the erosion which created Canyonlands National Park.

The Colorado and Green rivers began to down cut and are now entrenched in canyons over 2,000 feet deep. Sediment-filled storm run-off drains into these rivers, scouring the surrounding landscape off into a network of tributary canyons, pour-offs and washes. The Colorado and Green rivers wind through the heart of Canyonlands, cutting through layered sandstone to form two deep canyons. Both rivers are calm upstream of the Confluence, ideal for canoeing, kayaking and other shallow water craft. Below the Confluence, the combined flow of both rivers spills down Cataract Canyon with remarkable speed and power, creating a world-class stretch of white water. River flows are dependent upon snowmelt and rainfall. The character of the rivers changes dramatically depending on the season. High water generally stretches from early May to late June. Recorded river flows are available from the US Geological Survey’s Web site, or by calling (801) 539-1311. Snowmelt peak flow forecasts are available from the Colorado Basin River Forecast Center. On both rivers, all launch ramps are outside Canyonlands. Launch locations on the Green River typically include Green River State Park, Ruby Ranch or Mineral Bottom. On the Colorado, boaters typically use the Potash or Moab ramps. There is no vehicle access to the rivers near the Confluence or in Cataract Canyon. While hiking trails lead to the rivers from each of the districts, these trails are too long and rugged to be seriously considered for shuttles, even for inflatable’s and other lightweight boats. Groups wishing to avoid the white water must arrange upstream travel back to Moab. Some of the most breathtaking views of Canyonlands National Park are so remote that they are only accessible on the water. The Colorado River runs for 64 miles from Moab to the confluence; while the Green extends for 120 miles to the confluence.

Known as a “high desert,” with elevations ranging from 3,700ft in Big Drop Rapids to 7,200ft above sea level at Cathedral Point, Canyonlands experiences very hot summers, cold winters, and less than ten inches of rain each year. Even on a daily basis, temperatures may fluctuate as much as 50 degrees. The plants and animals in Canyonlands have many adaptations that enable them to survive these conditions. Some species are found only in this area. The diversity of organisms reflects the variety of available habitat, which includes lush riparian areas, swift rivers, ephemeral pools, dry arroyos, mixed grasslands and large expanses of bare rock.

The rivers divide the park into three distinct parts: Island in the Sky, The Needles, and The Maze. From the upper right corner, the reddish-brown Colorado River enters the park, and from the upper left corners the appropriately named Green River. The two rivers merge in the lower third of the park, forming a Y. Island in the Sky (in the upper part of the park) and its deep canyons were created by the white waters of the two rivers. In the Needles, east of the Y, the sandstone walls are characterized by bizarre arches and piercing peaks, which is counterbalanced by deep canyons. The Maze, in the west, is a solidified rock mass containing trails of dead ends and astonishing sights. Please note, the three sections of the park are not connected, each has its own entrance.

The Needles District forms the southeast corner of Canyonlands, named for the colorful spires of Cedar Mesa Sandstone that dominate the area. The Needles are a series of spires located to the southwest of Squaw Flat campground that surround the Chesler Park area of the Needles District. The Needles occur in an area of rock with many fractures called joints. The joints were formed in two different manners. The first was the Monument uplift, which begins around the Needles District and trends slightly southwest all the way to Monument Valley. This uplift caused brittle, surface rock like the Cedar Mesa Sandstone to crack as it was bent upward, forming a set of joints in a northeast-southwest direction. A thick salt layer underneath the Needles district, known as the Paradox Formation, is the second cause of joint formation. The salt is flowing slowly toward the Colorado River and dragging the overlying layers with it. As the upper layers became stretched, they also fractured into joints. This action created a set of joints running northeast-southwest. In the Needles area, these two joint sets meet and form square blocks of rock between the joints. As water widened the joints, the squares were sculpted into pillars and spires that are today the Needles of Canyonlands.

Activities to do in the Park
The Island in the Sky mesa rests on sheer sandstone cliffs over 1,000 feet above the surrounding terrain. Every overlook offers a different perspective on Canyonlands’ spectacular landscape. The Island is the easiest district to visit in a short period of time, offering many pullouts with spectacular views along the paved scenic drive. Hiking trails and four-wheel-drive roads access backcountry areas for day or overnight trips.

Bike, drive, even climb your way through the Island in the Sky! Canyonlands most famous mountain biking terrain, the 100-mile White Rim Road, loops around and below the Island mesa top and provides expansive views of the surrounding area. Trips usually take two to three days by four-wheel-drive vehicle or three to four days by mountain bike. All vehicles and bikes must remain on roads. Rock climbing is also done in Canyonlands, albeit on a limited fashion. The sandstone towers at the Island in the Sky attract the most rock climbers. Little climbing is done in the rest of the park due to the poor rock quality and a lack of established routes. Permits are not required for technical rock climbing unless it involves an overnight stay in the backcountry.

The Island is a challenging place for backpacking. The landscape below the mesa top is a mixture of talus slopes and vast basins without any reliable water sources. All overnight routes involve a descent of over 1,000 feet, except Murphy Point which is on the mesa top and is an ideal destination for single-night trips. Backpackers camp at-large unless traveling along the Syncline Trail where there is a designated site. The longer hiking trails generally begin on the mesa top and descend via switchbacks to the White Rim bench. A few trails continue down to one of the rivers. Most are considered strenuous, with an elevation change of 1,000-2,000 feet, and require negotiating steep slopes of loose rock as well as sections of deep sand. The Lathrop Canyon hike is a 17 mi/27 km round-trip to the Colorado River starting at the Lathrop Trailhead. Murphy Loop is a 9 mi/14 km round-trip hike starting at the Murphy Point Trailhead with great views of the White Rim Formation and the surrounding canyons. Syncline Loop is an 8 mi/13 km round-trip hike starting at Upheaval Dome Trailhead. Although this is a strenuous hike, it passes through a riparian area where water and shade are usually available. Taylor Canyon is another long hike at 20 mi/32 km round-trip and starting at Alcove Spring Trailhead. Several short trails exist along the scenic drive at the Island. These include Aztec Butte, Grand View Point, Mesa Arch, Whale Rock and Upheaval Dome (to the first overlook). Each of these trails highlights some aspect of the park’s natural or cultural history. Guides are available for some of the trails at trailheads and in the visitor center. To reach the Island, take US Highway 191 to Utah Highway 313 (10 mi/16 km north of Moab, or 22 mi/35 km south of I-70) and then drive southwest 22 mi/35 km. Driving time to the visitor center from Moab is roughly 40 minutes.

The Needles District forms the southeast corner of Canyonlands, named for the colorful spires of Cedar Mesa Sandstone that dominate the area. Foot trails and four-wheel-drive roads lead to such features as Tower Ruin, Confluence Overlook, Elephant Hill, the Joint Trail, and Chesler Park. Over 50 miles of challenging backcountry roads access campsites, trailheads and many natural and cultural features. All of these roads require high-clearance, four-wheel-drive vehicles. Inexperienced drivers are discouraged from attempting these roads as the risk of vehicle damage is great and towing expenses typically exceed $1,000.

Why drive when you can walk? The district’s extensive trail system provides many opportunities for long day hiking and overnight trips. Hiking in the Needles District offers over 60 miles of interconnecting trails as challenging as they are rewarding; however, Needles is the most popular destination in the park for backpacking. Most trailheads are accessible by two-wheel-drive vehicles, and water may be found in many of the canyons east of Chesler Park.

Horseshoe Canyon was added to Canyonlands in 1971 and contains some of the most significant rock art in North America. The Great Gallery includes well-preserved, life-sized figures with intricate designs. Other impressive sights include spring wildflowers, sheer sandstone walls, and mature cottonwood groves along the intermittent stream in the canyon bottom. Hiking to the Great Gallery from the west rim trailhead is 6.5 miles round-trip, descending 750 feet and requiring about six hours. Pets are prohibited below the rim of Horseshoe Canyon. Group size is limited to 20 people. Bring your own drinking water.

The horseback riding trail into Horseshoe Canyon from the west rim trailhead is an old 4WD road suitable for horses. Group size limit is ten animals and ten people. Permits are free and may be obtained at the Hans Flat Ranger Station or by phone at (435)259-2652. Most visitors access Horseshoe from the west. Two-wheel-drive access to the west rim of Horseshoe Canyon is from Utah Highway 24 via 30 miles of graded dirt road, or from Green River on 47 miles of dirt road. Driving time is roughly 2.5 hours from Moab or 1.5 hours from Green River. A four-wheel-drive road leads to the east rim of Horseshoe Canyon from the Hans Flat Ranger Station. All access roads may become impassable during storms.

The Maze is the least accessible district of Canyonlands. Due to the district’s remoteness and the difficulty of roads and trails, travel to the Maze requires more time, as well as a greater degree of self-sufficiency. Rarely do visitors spend less than three days in the Maze, and the area can easily absorb a week-long trip. From the ranger station, the canyons of the Maze are another 3 to 6 hours by high-clearance, 4WD (more if traveling by foot). Another four-wheel-drive road leads into the Maze north from Highway 95 near Hite Marina (driving time is 3+ hours to the park boundary).

Hiking trails in the Maze are primitive and lead into canyons and to various viewpoints. Due to the nature and depth of Maze canyons, access to them is limited. Routes into the canyons are cairned from mesa top to canyon bottom, but routes through washes are often unmarked. Many of the canyons look alike and are difficult to identify without a topographic map. The Maze Overlook Trail and other routes in the district require basic climbing maneuvers in order to negotiate sections of steep slickrock and pour-offs. A 25-foot length of rope is often essential for raising or lowering packs in difficult spots. Many routes may make hikers with a fear of heights uncomfortable.

Most trailheads start from four-wheel-drive roads. Visitors with two-wheel-drive vehicles may park at the North Point Road junction, approximately 2.5 miles southeast of the Hans Flat Ranger Station, and hike 15 miles to the Maze Overlook. Depending on the vehicle, hikers may also be able to negotiate the 14-mile road to park at the top of the Flint Trail switchbacks.

Four-wheel-drive roads in the Maze are extremely difficult, present considerable risk of vehicle damage, and should not be attempted by inexperienced drivers. A high-clearance, four-wheel-drive vehicle is required for all Maze backcountry roads. ATVs are not permitted.

Weather
Southeast Utah is part of the Colorado Plateau, a “high desert” region that experiences wide temperature fluctuations, sometimes over 40 degrees in a single day. The temperate (and most popular) seasons are spring (April through May) and fall (mid-September through October), when daytime highs average 60 to 80 F and lows average 30 to 50 F. Summer temperatures often exceed 100 F, making strenuous exercise difficult. Late summer monsoon season brings violent storm cells which often cause flash floods. Winters are cold, with highs averaging 30 to 50 F, and lows averaging 0 to 20 F. Though large snowfalls are uncommon (except in nearby mountains), even small amounts of snow or ice can make local trails and roads impassable.

Rules, Regulations, and Safety
ATVs are not permitted. All vehicles and bikes must remain on designated roads. Motorbikes and vehicles must be street legal and operated by a licensed driver. Roads may close intermittently due to poor driving conditions or weather. Four-wheel drivers should be prepared to make basic road or vehicle repairs and should carry the following items: at least one full-size spare tire, extra gas, extra water, a shovel, a high-lift jack, and chains for all four tires (especially October through April).

Trails are usually marked with cairns (small rock piles) and have signs at intersections. Many remote trails do not receive regular maintenance and may not be adequately marked. All backcountry hikers should carry a topographic map. Pets are not allowed on hiking trails. Permits are required for all overnight trips in the backcountry. During the spring and fall, demand for permits frequently exceeds the number available. If you plan to visit Canyonlands during peak season, it is recommended that you make reservations well in advance. Backpackers stay in at-large zones. A good backpacking checklist is: a good quality tent, repair kit, good hiking boots, backpack, food, cooking utensils, water plus a 2 quart water bottle, water purification system, camp stove, fuel, matches, candle to start a fire, sleeping bag and mat, topographical map, compass, flashlight with extra batteries and bulb, whistle or signal mirror, first aid kit, knife or multipurpose tool, sun glasses, sunscreen, insect repellent, garbage bags to pack out what you pack in and adequate clothing for the season. Reservation office staff is available by phone to answer questions and assist with trip planning Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. (Mountain Time), at (435) 259-4351.

Please use the following camping regulations in Canyonlands. For human waste disposal, use vault toilets where provided. Portable toilets are required for all visitors using designated campsites in the Maze District and at the New Bates Wilson site in the Needles. Backpackers should dig a 4” to 6” deep “cat hole,” at least 300 feet from water sources and campsites. Pack out toilet paper. All wood fires are prohibited. Charcoal fires are allowed at designated vehicle campsites. Visitors must use a fire pan and remove unburned charcoal and fire debris. Pets, weapons and littering are prohibited. Pack out all garbage. Disturbing, entering or camping within 300 feet of an archeological or historical site is prohibited. Collecting artifacts is prohibited. At-large camping is prohibited within one mile of a road or outside the area for which a permit is issued. Camping within 300 feet, or use of soap within 100 feet, of a water source is prohibited. River corridor camping is excluded from this regulation. Camping outside the established campsite boundary at a designated campsite is prohibited. Hunting, feeding or disturbing wildlife is prohibited.

There are also regulations regarding stock animals. Horses, mules and burros are the only animals permitted. Other domestic animals are prohibited in the backcountry (including dogs). Stock must be fed pelletized feed for 48 hours in advance of and during a trip in order to prevent the spread of exotic plant species. Grazing is not allowed. Animals may not be left unattended and must be staked at least 300 feet away from water sources and away from vegetation where possible.

People have visited what is now Canyonlands National Park for over 10,000 years. Over time, many different groups have moved in and out of the area in concert with the availability of natural resources and the technology for exploiting those resources. Cultural sites and artifacts are irreplaceable. Please observe the following guidelines when visiting sites in Canyonlands and other National Parks. View sites from a distance. Ancient walls crumble easily. Never enter structures or human-made enclosures as your movements may damage the foundation or other structural elements. Leave things where they lie. Resist the temptation to collect artifacts and allow future visitors the joy of discovery. Also, archeologists can determine a great deal from the presence and location of artifacts. Enjoy rock art with your eyes only. Pictographs and petroglyphs should not be touched as the oils in human skin will destroy them. Never spoil cultural sites or natural features with modern graffiti.

Looks can be deceiving, solid looking rocks can actually be harmed by a wrong footstep, or driving off the marked trails. When moss and other vegetation begin to start plant life the rocks become covered by a Cryptobiotic Crust, helping to avoid further erosion and keep moisture in the ground. This fragile form of life can be killed by a single step leaving the ground barren for years. For nature, and your own safety, please remain on a marked course throughout any place you visit.

Water is a limiting factor in Canyonlands. There are springs scattered throughout the park, mostly in canyon bottoms. There are also large areas, such as the Grabens in the Needles and the entire White Rim bench at the Island, where there are no reliable water sources. Obtaining drinking water from either the Green or Colorado rivers is difficult as the water is very silty and hard to purify. Pack in water whenever possible. Many springs marked on topographic maps may dry up during periods of drought. Spring locations and current conditions are available at district visitor centers.

Wildlife
Though the natural quiet of Canyonlands often creates the impression of lifelessness, many animals live here. Desert animals have a variety of adaptations for dealing with the temperature and moisture stresses present in Canyonlands. The Colorado and Green Rivers are the only major water source in Canyonlands; therefore, the rivers attract a variety of wildlife.
Birds, lizards and some rodents are seen most frequently, though seasons and weather play a large role in determining what animals are active. Mostly nocturnal animals include kangaroo rats, woodrats (also called packrats) and most other small desert rodents, skunks, ringtails, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions, bats and owls. Animals that are most active at dawn and dusk are called “crepuscular.” Crepuscular animals include mule deer, coyotes, porcupines, desert cottontails, black-tailed jackrabbits, and many songbirds. A few desert animals are primarily active during the day, or “diurnal.” These include rock squirrels, antelope squirrels, chipmunks, lizards, snakes, hawks, and eagles. Many animals have a temperature range in which they are active, so alter their active times of day depending on the season. Snakes and lizards go into an inactive state of torpor during the winter, are active during the day during the late spring and early fall, and become crepuscular during the heat of summer.

Desert bighorn sheep live year-round in Canyonlands. These animals roam the talus slopes and side canyons along the rivers, foraging on plants and negotiating the steep, rocky terrain with the greatest of ease. Once in danger of becoming extinct, the desert bighorn are now making a tentative comeback that has been fueled by the healthy herds in Canyonlands.

An interesting fall visitor to Canyonlands is the black bear. An unusual sight in the red rock canyons, black bears follow river and stream corridors, like Salt Creek Canyon in the Needles District, that flow from nearby mountains. These visits generally occur in late August and September when prickly pear cacti and hackberry trees bear their fruit. The bears return to the mountains before winter.

Birds are the most visible animals in Canyonlands. Even on the hottest summer day, turkey vultures and white-throated swifts circle above the canyons. During winter, juncos and white-crowned sparrows forage around trees and shrubs. While Canyonlands may not be considered a bird watching hot spot, 273 species have been seen in the park, including seasonal and year-round residents as well as migrants. There’s still plenty for you bird watching enthusiasts to enjoy here!

Canyonlands owes much of this diversity to riparian corridors like the Colorado and Green rivers. In the desert, animal life tends to concentrate around riparian areas because of the abundance of food, water and shelter. During spring and summer, mornings along the rivers are filled with birdsong, including blue grosbeaks, yellow-breasted chats, spotted towhees and canyon wrens. Great blue herons are often seen hunting the shallows for fish, while Cooper’s hawks deftly maneuver through the tangle of trees beyond the riverbanks. Many birds favor the “upland” areas where grasses, shrubs and small trees dominate. Say’s phoebes, black-throated sparrows and western meadowlarks frequent grasslands. Pinyon jays, scrub jays, juniper titmice and black-throated gray warblers are usually seen in pinyon-juniper woodlands.

Wildlife Warnings
Black bears and other animals could be potentially dangerous. Do not approach wild animals and never attempt to feed them. See Wildlife Precautions page for further safety tips.

Fees
Entrance fees are: Individual $5 (for seven days) Vehicle $10 (for seven days) Local Passport: $25 (Good for one year)

Camping
Designated campsites (one group per site) have been established along most trails; Groups camp at-large in areas without sites or trails. Backcountry camping is also available for backpackers. Be sure to follow all the parks’ backcountry regulations. Squaw Flat Campground (Needles District) costs $15 per night and is open year-round on a first-come, first-served basis. There are 26 sites; bathrooms, fire grates, picnic tables, tent pads, and water are available. Group size limit is 10 people and 2 vehicles. Maximum RV camping length is 28 feet. This is an ideal base camp for day hikes to popular destinations like: Chesler Park, Druid Arch and the Joint Trail.
Willow Flat Campground (Island in the Sky) cost $10 per night and is open year-round on a first-come, first-served basis. The Willow Flat Campground is a short walk from one of the finest sunset spots in the park: Green River Overlook. There are 12 sites with tables, fire grills, and vault toilets. Maximum group size is ten people, with a limit of two vehicles per group. The 1 mi access road is unpaved; firewood and water are not available

The Needles District offers three campsites for groups of 11 or more people which may be reserved in advance. The Squaw Flat Group Site can hold up to 50 people and 10 vehicles. The Wooden Shoe Group Site can hold up to 25 people and 5 vehicles. The Split Top Group Site can hold up to 15 people and 3 vehicles. Nightly fees are $3 per person.

Nearby Attractions
Arches National Park, Colorado National Monument, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Hovenweep National Monument, Natural Bridges National Monument, Grand Staircase-Escanlante National Monument, and Fishlake National Forest are all nearby.

Transportation
Commercial airlines serve Grand Junction, CO and Salt Lake City, UT. By car, these cities are at least 2 and 4 hours (respectively) away from the closest park entrance (Island in the Sky).
There are two paved entrances into Canyonlands: Highway 313 leads to the Island in the Sky District and is 10 miles north of Moab; Highway 211 leads to the Needles District and is 40 miles south of Moab. Roads to the Maze District are a mixture of graded dirt and 4WD. These roads may become impassable when wet.

Greyhound travels along Interstate 70, making stops at Grand Junction, CO and Green River, UT. Commercial vans/shuttles operate between Moab and Salt Lake City as well as Grand Junction. There is no public transportation to Canyonlands.

Travel to Canyonlands generally requires a car. Once in the park, each district offers different opportunities for exploration. The Island in the Sky is the most accessible district and the easiest to visit in a short period of time. All other destinations require some boating, hiking or four-wheel driving to see the area’s attractions.

Approximate Mileage from the following major cities to Canyonlands National Park:

By Car:
Green River, UT – 55.53 miles
Provo, UT – 194.35 miles
Salt Lake City, UT – 237.72 miles
Durango, CO – 156.56 miles
Grand Junction, CO – 117.09 miles
Flagstaff, AZ – 320.15 miles

Contact the park
Canyonlands National Park, Superintendent 2282 SW Resource Blvd Moab, UT 84532
Phone (435) 719-2313 Backcountry Reservations (435) 259-4351 Fax (435) 719-2300

National Park Service

http://www.nps.gov/cany/home.htm