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The park is open 365 days per year, 24 hours per day. Visitor centers are located in Yosemite Valley (open year-round) and Tuolumne Meadows (summer only). Information stations are located in Wawona (spring-fall) and Big Oak Flat (spring-fall). Wilderness Centers and Permit Stations are located in Yosemite Valley (spring-fall; visitor center during winter) and Tuolumne Meadows (summer only). Wilderness Permits are also issued at the Wawona Information Station (spring-fall), Big Oak Flat Information Station (spring-fall), and Hetch Hetchy Entrance Station (summer only).

The Nature Center at Happy Isles is open June-September (approximately) from 10 am to noon and 1 pm to 4 pm. Geared toward both adults and children, the Nature Center includes natural history exhibits, interactive displays, and a bookstore geared to nature-exploring for families. Nearby are short trails focusing on the area’s four different environments: forest, river, talus, and fen? You can also see substantial evidence of the huge 1996 rock fall from the Glacier Point cliff far above the Nature Center. A new outdoor exhibit details the geologic story of rock falls in Yosemite.

Yosemite Museum is open all year from usually, 9:00 am – 4:00 pm (closed for lunch). It’s located next to the visitor center in Yosemite Valley. Displays interpret the cultural history of Yosemite’s native Miwok and Paiute people from 1850 to the present. Demonstrations of basket-weaving, beadwork, and/or traditional games are presented. The Indian Village of Ahwahneee is a reconstructed Miwok village. Cultural demonstrations are offered during the summer. Also during the summer, the Museum Gallery displays paintings from the collection of the Yosemite Museum.

The LeConte Memorial Lodge, Yosemite’s first public visitor center and a National Historic Landmark, is operated by the Sierra Club from May through September and features a children’s corner, library, and a variety of environmental education and evening programs. The historic Yosemite Cemetery is located across the street and just west of the Yosemite Museum. People buried here include Native Americans, casual park visitors, and people who played important roles in the development of what is now Yosemite National Park. A Guide to the Yosemite Cemetery is available at the Valley Visitor Center.

Indian people have lived in the Yosemite region for as long as 8,000 years. By the mid-nineteenth century, when native residents had their first contact with non-Indian people, they were primarily of Southern Miwok ancestry. However, trade with the Mono Paiute from the east side of the Sierra for pinyon pine nuts, obsidian, and other materials from the Mono Basin resulted in many unions between the two tribes.

The native people of Yosemite developed a complex culture rich in tradition, religion, songs, and political affiliations. Making use of the varied local ecosystems, they used plant and animal resources to the best of their abilities. The pattern of oaks and grassland noted by early visitors to Yosemite Valley is probably a direct result of the intentional burning of underbrush practiced by native people.

Although the first sighting of Yosemite Valley by non-Indian people was probably by members of the Joseph Walker Party in 1833, the first actual known entry into the Valley was not until nearly 20 years later. After the discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada foothills in 1849, thousands of miners came to the Sierra to seek their fortune. Their arrival resulted in conflict with local native people who fought to protect their homelands. Because of such interaction, the Mariposa Battalion was organized as a punitive expedition under the authority of the State of California to bring an end to the “Mariposa Indian War.” The Battalion entered Yosemite Valley while searching for Indians on March 27, 1851.

Writers, artists, and photographers spread the fame of “the Incomparable Valley” throughout the world. Inspired by the scenic beauty of Yosemite and spurred on by the specter of private exploitation of Yosemite’s natural wonders, conservationists appealed to Senator John Conness of California. On June 30, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill granting Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias to the State of California as an inalienable public trust. This was the first time in history that a federal government had set aside scenic lands simply to protect them and to allow for their enjoyment by all people. This idea was the spark that allowed for Yellowstone becoming the first official national park a few years later, in 1872.

Later, John Muir’s struggle against the devastation of the subalpine meadows surrounding Yosemite Valley resulted in the creation of Yosemite National Park on October 1, 1890. Military units with headquarters in Wawona administered the park while the State of California continued to govern the area covered by the original 1864 grant. Dual control of Yosemite came to an end in 1906, when the State of California receded Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove to the federal government. Civilian park rangers took over from the military in 1914. Two years later, on August 25, 1916, through the persistent efforts of Steven Mather and Horace Albright, Congress authorized the creation of the National Park Service to administer all national parks “in such manner and by such means as to leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”

The geology of Yosemite is characterized by granitic rocks and remnants of older rock. A very long time ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and then tilted to form its relatively gentle western slopes and the more dramatic eastern slopes. The uplift increased the steepness of stream and river beds, resulting in formation of deep, narrow canyons. Later, snow and ice accumulated, forming glaciers at the higher alpine meadows that moved down the river valleys. Ice thickness in Yosemite Valley may have reached 4,000 feet during the early glacial episode. The down slope movement of the ice masses cut and sculpted the U-shaped valley that attracts so many visitors to its scenic vistas today.

Iconic landmarks such as Yosemite Valley, Hetch Hetchy, Yosemite Falls, Vernal and Nevada Falls, Bridalveil Fall, Half Dome, the Clark Range, and the Cathedral Range are known throughout the world by the photographs of countless photographers, both amateur and professional. Landforms that are the result of glaciation include U-shaped canyons, jagged peaks, rounded domes, waterfalls, and moraines. Glacially-polished granite is further evidence of glaciation, and is common in Yosemite National Park.

Massive granite dominates the Yosemite area and much of the Sierra Nevada as well. Mount Hoffmann and most of the terrain visible from it are composed of granite, formed deep within the Earth by solidification of formerly molten rock material and subsequently exposed by erosion of the overlying rocks. Because of its massiveness and durability, granite is shaped into bold forms: the cliffs of Yosemite and Hetch Hetchy Valleys, many of the higher peaks in the park, and the striking sheeted domes that can form only in massive, un-layered rock. Although granite dominates nearly the entire length of the Sierra, the granite is not monolithic. Instead, it is a composite of hundreds of smaller bodies of granitic rock that, as magma (molten material), intruded one another. This multiplicity of intrusions is one of the reasons why there are so many varieties of granitic rock in Yosemite and the rest of the Sierra. The differences are not always apparent to the casual observer, but they are reflected in sometimes subtle differences in appearance and in differences in response to weathering and erosion acting on the rocks.

The vast majority of Yosemite is comprised of plutonic igneous rocks. Plutonic rocks form deep underground when molten rock cools and solidifies very slowly, allowing large crystals to form. In contrast, volcanic igneous rocks form at the surface when molten rock cools and solidifies quickly, resulting in small crystals. Granite, granodiorite, tonalite, quartz monzonite, and quartz monzodiorite are all forms of plutonic rock that are found in Yosemite, and are loosely referred to as granitic rocks. Quartz diorite, diorite and gabbro are plutonic rocks found in Yosemite, but are not technically considered to be granitic rocks. Plutonic rocks are primarily comprised of 5 minerals: quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, and hornblende. Plutonic rocks, including granitic rocks, differ primarily in the relative proportions of quartz and feldspar, although texture is also an important consideration. The plutonic rocks were generally formed during the Cretaceous period.

Yosemite has a variety of surface water features, some of which are a major attraction for park visitors. Some of the tallest waterfalls in the world are found in Yosemite Valley, including Yosemite Falls (with a total drop of 2,425 feet) and Ribbon Fall (1,612 feet). Most of the water flowing in Yosemite comes from snowmelt in the high country, so runoff decreases during the dry summer. Peak runoff typically occurs in May or June, with some waterfalls (including Yosemite Falls) often only a trickle or completely dry by August. Other waterfalls, including Vernal, Nevada, and Bridalveil, run all year; however their flow can be very low by late summer. Yosemite Falls flows from winter through early to mid-summer. Look for the ice cone at the base of the upper fall during winter and for roaring peak runoff in May or June. Yosemite Falls is actually made up of three separate falls: Upper Yosemite Fall (1,430 ft), the middle cascades (675 ft), and Lower Yosemite Fall (320 ft). You can walk to Lower Yosemite Fall in just a few minutes. A hike to the top of Upper Yosemite Fall is a strenuous, all-day hike.

Bridalveil Fall (620 ft). Flows all year and is often the first waterfall seen by visitors entering the park. In spring it thunders; during the rest of the year look for its characteristic light, swaying flow. You can walk to the base in just a few minutes. Vernal Fall (317 ft) flows all year, though by mid- to late summer it narrows and separates into one, two, or three falls as water flows decrease. It is best seen from Glacier Point or by hiking up alongside it via the Mist Trail. Nevada Fall (594 ft) flows all year and is best seen from Glacier Point or by hiking up alongside it. Nevada Fall is located above Vernal Fall in an area known as the “giant staircase.” Ribbon fall (1,612 ft) flows during the spring only. It is located just west of El Capitan and is best seen from near the bottom of Bridalveil Fall. Horsetail fall (1,000 ft) flows in the winter and early spring. It is famous for appearing to be on fire when it reflects the orange glow of sunset in mid-February. It falls off of the east side of El Capitan and is best seen from just east of El Capitan. Staircase Falls (1,300 ft) flows in spring, cascading down various ledges from near Glacier Point to Curry Village.

The Tuolumne and Merced River systems originate along the crest of the Sierra Nevada in the park and have carved river canyons 3,000 to 4,000 feet deep. The Tuolumne River drains the entire northern portion of the park, an area of approximately 680 square miles. The Merced River begins in the park’s southern peaks, primarily the Cathedral and Clark Ranges, and drains an area of approximately 511 square miles. Hydrologic processes, including glaciation, flooding, and fluvial geomorphic response, have been fundamental in creating landforms in the park. The Merced River is a Wild and Scenic River that cuts a breathtaking course from glacial peaks through mountain lakes, alpine and subalpine meadows, waterfalls, and gorges and supports rich and diverse riparian habitat.

The plants of Yosemite National Park are diverse and complex and are a significant part of the exquisite beauty and biological diversity of the park. There are 800 miles of trails in Yosemite, which provide access for exploring the different vegetation zones. Massive and ancient giant sequoias live in three groves in Yosemite National Park.

The lowest elevations in Yosemite are found on the western boundary of the park at the El Portal Administrative Site, which is at approximately 1,800 feet (549 m). This is the foothill woodland zone, an area that is hot and dry in the summer with very little or no snow in the winter. Plants within this zone include chamise, ceanothus, manzanita, blue oak, interior live oak, and gray pine. These plant communities can also be found near Hetch Hetchy Reservoir.

Beginning near the 3,000 foot (900 m) elevation, the hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters of the Mediterranean climate give rise to the lower montane forest zone. The accumulation of several feet of snow during the winter is not uncommon and can stay on the ground for several months. The diversity of tree species found in this zone make this a beautiful and interesting forest to explore. The lower montane forests are found along the western boundary of the park and include trees such as California black oak, ponderosa pine, incense-cedar, and white fir. Yosemite’s giant sequoia groves including the Mariposa, Merced, and the Tuolumne Groves are also found within this vegetation zone. The most easily accessible of these (spring through fall) is the Mariposa Grove near the park’s South Entrance, off of the Wawona Road (Highway 41). Two smaller–and less visited–groves are the Tuolumne and Merced Groves near Crane Flat. The lower montane forest encompasses 166,000 acres (87,200 ha) and can be seen in Yosemite Valley and along the Wawona, Hetch Hetchy, and Big Oak Flat Roads.

The upper montane forest begins at higher elevations near 6,000 feet (1800 m), where the montane climate is characterized by short, moist, cool summers and cold, wet winters. Snow begins to fall in November and may accumulate to depths up to six feet and remain until June. Pure stands of red fir and lodgepole pine are typical of this forest. Jeffrey pine, which has bark that smells like vanilla and the picturesque western juniper, can also be found in this zone. Beautiful wildflowers bloom in meadows from June through August. Upper montane forests encompass 216,000 acres (87,000 ha) and may be viewed from the Tioga Road east of Crane Flat, and in areas north and south of Yosemite Valley, such as along the Glacier Point Road.

The upper montane forest is replaced by the subalpine forest near 8,000 feet (2450 m), where the climate is cooler with an even shorter growing season due to long, cold, and snowy winters. Accumulations of three to nine feet of snow are typical. The western white pine, mountain hemlock, and lodgepole pine are found in this forest with many subalpine meadows that flower from July through August. This zone can be seen from the Tuolumne Meadows area east to Tioga Pass and encompasses 297,000 acres (120,000 ha).

The alpine zone of Yosemite begins near the 9,500 foot (2,900 m) elevation and is easily distinguished as it is above tree line. No trees grow in this zone due to the harsh climatic conditions. Short, cool summers with long, cold, and snowy winters are typical at these elevations. Many exposed granitic outcroppings, talus slopes, and boulder fields limit the amount of vegetation that grows here. The herbaceous plants need to flower and produce their seeds quickly during the short, frost-free period of summer. This zone covers 54,362 acres (22,000 ha) in Yosemite and is only viewed up close by hiking or climbing into the high elevations of Yosemite’s wilderness.

There are numerous waterfalls to enjoy hiking to and viewing. Bridalveil Fall (620 ft). Flows all year and is often the first waterfall seen by visitors entering the park. In spring it thunders; during the rest of the year look for its characteristic light, swaying flow. You can walk to the base in just a few minutes. Vernal Fall (317 ft) flows all year, though by mid- to late summer it narrows and separates into one, two, or three falls as water flows decrease. It is best seen from Glacier Point or by hiking up alongside it via the Mist Trail. Nevada Fall (594 ft) flows all year and is best seen from Glacier Point or by hiking up alongside it. Nevada Fall is located above Vernal Fall in an area known as the “giant staircase.” Ribbon fall (1,612 ft) flows during the spring only. It is located just west of El Capitan and is best seen from near the bottom of Bridalveil Fall. Horsetail fall (1,000 ft) flows in the winter and early spring. It is famous for appearing to be on fire when it reflects the orange glow of sunset in mid-February. It falls off of the east side of El Capitan and is best seen from just east of El Capitan. Staircase Falls (1,300 ft) flows in spring, cascading down various ledges from near Glacier Point to Curry Village.

Very few lakes are easily accessible in Yosemite National Park. Tenaya Lake is one of the easiest to get to (when the Tioga Road is open, late May or early June through sometime in November) and is quite popular for picnicking, swimming, and canoeing. Mirror Lake (in Yosemite Valley) is famous for its reflections of Half Dome when the water level is high enough (in spring). Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, created by damming the Tuolumne River, is another lake that’s easy to get to.

The classic beauty and fascinating ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada mountain range are well represented in the wilderness of Yosemite National Park. With 95% of the Park designated Wilderness, this place retains its primeval character and influence, providing opportunities for solitude and unconfined types of experience. The lands within the wilderness range in elevation and life zones from 2,900′ to 13,114′ at the summit of Mt. Lyell. With the miles of trails, visitors will find a spectrum of opportunities, of natural systems, and of levels of use.

Hiking, backpacking and rock climbing are sought after attractions at the park. Yosemite is one of the world’s greatest climbing areas. Climbers here can enjoy an endless variety of challenges- from the sustained crack climbs of the Merced River Canyon to pinching crystals on sun drenched Tuolumne domes to multi-day aid climbs on the big walls of the Valley. Yosemite is not just a climber’s playground, however. Its walls and crags are an integral part of a larger ecosystem, protected as wilderness and set aside for people to enjoy in a natural state for generations to come. So be sure to climb and hike responsibly.

There are numerous trails and places to get fantastic views of the area well worth every effort it takes to get there. Day hikes from the Tioga Road are abundant. For backpackers, there are also numerous trailheads. Some trails provide one way trips into Yosemite Valley. Others less traveled but no less scenic, head into the northern part of the park. These trails travel through forested areas, deep canyons, past lakes, and finally above tree-line. Historic Wawona at 4000 feet elevation is located just inside the park’s southern boundary on Highway 41. Because of its low elevation, trails from Wawona can be accessible during the spring and fall as well as the summer. The lush open meadows, forests and lakes which abound in Yosemite’s less-frequented southern wilderness can be reached from trailheads in Wawona. The abundance of water in the spring makes this an attractive area for wilderness users.

Yosemite Valley, about 3,000 feet deep and just a mile or two wide, is known for its landmark rock formations and boasts some of the most popular trailheads in the park. The best place to appreciate this depth is Glacier Point (late May or early June through sometime in November) or at Tunnel View, on the Wawona Road (Highway 41). Glacier Point is perhaps the most famous viewpoint in Yosemite. It is most spectacularly seen from Curry Village, though the view from its top is world renowned. Glacier Point is accessible by car, or by hiking up either the Four-Mile or Panorama Trails. At an elevation of 7200 feet, Glacier Point offers a spectacular view of Half Dome, Vernal and Nevada Falls, Yosemite Valley and the Clark Range. It serves as the trailhead for many popular day hikes and provides access to the less traveled wilderness areas in the southern portion of Yosemite. Half Dome is perhaps the most recognized symbol of Yosemite. Rising over 4,000 feet above the Valley floor, it is one of the most sought-after landmarks in Yosemite. Some people even hike or rock climb to the top! Half Dome can be seen throughout eastern Yosemite Valley and Glacier Point.

El Capitan is a favorite for experienced rock climbers. Rising almost 3,000 feet above the Valley floor, it is the largest monolith of granite in the world. El Capitan is opposite Bridalveil Fall and is best seen at the far west end of Yosemite Valley at Bridalveil and El Capitan Meadows. Cathedral Rocks and Spires form the eastern side of the canyon through which Bridalveil Creek flows. Some people think these rocks, just opposite of El Capitan, are even more impressive than El Capitan! The Three Brothers are located just east of El Capitan. It is made up of Eagle Peak (the uppermost “brother”), and Middle and Lower Brothers. It is best viewed from Southside Drive or the Merced Rive just east of El Capitan. Sentinel Rock, like a sentry, overlooks Yosemite Valley, along the opposite side of the Valley from Yosemite Falls. Yosemite Point prominently juts out just east of Yosemite Falls. Those hiking to the top of Upper Yosemite Fall can continue on a half-mile to this spectacular viewpoint.

Tuolumne Meadows is located at over 8600 feet in elevation. From Tuolumne, numerous trails lead hikers to lakes, meadows and beautiful river canyons. More strenuous overnight backpacking trips allow the adventurer access to the northern-most reaches of the Park, the area between Tuolumne Meadows and Yosemite Valley, or along extended wilderness routes such as the John Muir Trail or the Pacific Crest Trail. Because of its elevation, temperatures in Tuolumne average 15 to 20 degrees cooler than Yosemite Valley. Snow is not uncommon as late as June or as early as September. Peaks, such as Mt. Dana and Mt. Lyell retain snow throughout the summer and provide breathtaking views from their bases and summits.

Hetch Hetchy, a lesser known twin to Yosemite Valley, is home to spectacular scenery and is the starting point for many less-used wilderness trails. The Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is the source of drinking water for much of the San Francisco Bay Area. Although the road to Hetch Hetchy is open year-round during daylight hours, it may close periodically due to snow in winter and spring. The reservoir itself lies at a relatively low 3900 feet making this a good area for spring and fall wilderness travel. High temperatures prevail along the trail during the summer months, but this is a small price to pay for the breathtaking areas that can be reached from here. Several lakes and popular valleys are all within 15 miles of the reservoir. Hikers may elect to begin longer trips here as well, either toward Tuolumne Meadows or the northern-most reaches of the park. There is no access to Hetch Hetchy trailheads while the road is closed.

Several scenic vistas are available for enjoyment with the most famous being Glacier Point as already mentioned. Driving time from Yosemite Valley to Glacier Point is about one hour. The Glacier Point Road is generally open to vehicles from late May or early June (weather permitting) until the first major snow storm after November 1. Washburn Point, just south of Glacier Point has similar views, though the views of Vernal and Nevada Falls are a bit better. Olmsted Point, along the Tioga Road, looks down on Yosemite Valley from the east–and from a very different angle. Though you might not immediately recognize Half Dome, it is one of the most prominent peaks you can see from Olmsted Point.

The Tioga Road (Highway 120 East) is generally open to vehicles from late May or early June through sometime in November. It offers a 39 mile scenic drive between Crane Flat and Tuolumne Meadows. During this 1 1/2 hour drive, visitors pass through forests and past meadows, lakes, and granite domes. Tuolumne Meadows is a large, open sub-alpine meadow graced by the winding Tuolumne River and surrounded by majestic peaks and domes. Many turnouts offer broad and beautiful vistas. The self-guiding auto tour booklet, The Yosemite Road Guide, is helpful along this route. The Yosemite Road Guide contains descriptions of each road inside the park and includes suggestions of where to stop along the way. This book is available at visitor centers and bookstores throughout the park.

Tunnel View is one of the most famous views of Yosemite Valley. From here you can see El Capitan and Bridalveil Fall rising from Yosemite Valley, with Half Dome in the background. This vista is at the east end of the Wawona Tunnel along the Wawona Road (Highway 41). El Portal View allows you to look down the Merced River Canyon, below Yosemite Valley, and see the Coast Ranges (if visibility is good). ‘Shaugnessy Dam, at the west end of Hetch Hetchy Valley, provides a vista of the Valley’s waterfalls, rock formations, and reservoir. The Cascades vista, along the El Portal Road (Highway 140), provides a great view of The Cascades waterfall, especially during spring when runoff is high. As it approaches Yosemite Valley, turnouts along the Big Oak Flat Road (Highway 120) near the tunnels provide a great view of El Capitan and Half Dome, along with a glimpse of the Merced River far below. Yosemite Valley is also full of vistas so you will definitely want to stop at the visitor center for a map and decide which ones you can get to while on your vacation.

In winter and early spring, nearly all of the trails in Yosemite Valley remain open though some have winter routes designated. In addition to serving the hardy day-hiker, these trailheads provide access for seasoned winter enthusiasts into Yosemite’s snow-covered Wilderness. From mid-December through early April, the Glacier Point/Badger Pass Road is plowed to the Badger Pass Ski Area where both downhill and cross-country skiing is popular. Or walk to Glacier Point on snowshoes. From sometime in November through late May or early June, Tuolumne Meadows is only accessible by cross-country skis or snowshoes. Most winter users also enjoy the marked snow trails around Crane Flat (6200′) or in the Mariposa Grove (5600′). Roads are maintained in these areas, although chains are often required and must be carried in your vehicle at all times. Each area has beginner, intermediate, and advanced trails which range in length from 1/2 to 16 miles. These trails are marked with orange triangular or rectangular signs in trees. Most summer trails cannot be seen in winter. Ski maps may be obtained at visitor centers, ranger stations, or through the Yosemite Association Bookstore.

Over 12 miles of paved bike paths are available in Yosemite Valley. In addition, bicyclists can ride on regular roads (if they obey traffic laws). Helmets are required by law for children less than 18 years of age. Off-trail riding and mountain biking are not permitted in Yosemite National Park. Bicycle rentals are available in Yosemite Valley spring through fall.

Rafting along the Merced River is popular during summer. You can rent a raft (typically in June and July, but it varies from year to year, depending on water level)) or bring your own. (Other non-motorized vessels, such as kayaks, are also permitted.) Rafting is permitted on the Merced River between Stoneman Bridge (near Curry Village) and Sentinel Beach Picnic Area between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Rafting is not permitted whenever the river stage (depth) reads 6.5 feet or higher and the sum of air temperature and water temperature is less than 100°F. You must have a personal flotation device immediately available for each occupant of the raft. Rafting is also permitted on the South Fork of the Merced River in the Wawona area. Some visitors enjoy kayaking the calm waters of Tenaya Lake.

There are several activities for children besides those already mentioned. Swimming is permitted in all bodies of water in the park except Hetch Hetchy Reservoir and above waterfalls. Swimming in the Merced River is a great way to cool off–but help protect the river by entering and exiting only on sandy beaches. Swimming in rivers is not without hazards, including swift currents, cold water, and hazards within the river (e.g., trees). Ranger-led junior ranger activities are available from late June through August. The junior ranger program consists of an activity booklet, ranger program, and litter collection.

The park’s 1980 General Management Plan outlines the purpose, goals, and objectives of Yosemite National Park. The plan gives two primary purposes for Yosemite National Park. The first is preservation of the resources that contribute to Yosemite’s uniqueness and attractiveness – its exquisite scenic beauty; outstanding wilderness values; a nearly full representation of Sierra Nevada environments, including rare and beautiful sequoia groves; the granite domes, valleys, polished granites, and other evidence of the geologic processes that formed the Sierra Nevada; historic resources, especially those related to the beginnings of a national conservation ethic; and prehistoric evidence of the Indians who lived on the land for thousands of years. The second purpose is to make the varied resources of Yosemite available to people for their enjoyment, education, and recreation, now and in the future.

Threats to park resources and the integrity of park ecosystems include loss of natural fire regimes, air pollutants and air-borne contaminants, global climate change, direct impacts to resources from high visitation in some areas of the park, habitat fragmentation from both outside and inside park boundaries, and the invasion of non-native plant and animal species. The park is actively attempting to control the non-native plant species that pose the most serious threat, such as spotted knapweed, yellow star-thistle, bull thistle, and Himalayan blackberry. The presence of wild turkeys, white-tailed ptarmigan, bullfrogs, introduced fish and other non-native animal species in Yosemite threaten the park’s native species.

Restoring natural fire regimes is an important component of maintaining park ecosystems for the enjoyment of future generations. A fire regime is defined according to fire characteristics such as intensity, frequency, severity, season, extent, duration, behavior, spatial distribution, and type of fire. Most of the vegetation communities in the parks have adapted to fires that have occurred for at least the last several thousand years. While the habitat and life cycles of many plants and animals rely on the rejuvenating process of fire, the size, frequency, and timing of these natural fires varies depending on such factors as vegetation community, topography, and climate.

A program to better understand fire regimes prior to European settlement and to monitor the effects of fire’s reintroduction is designed to provide the best available information to park managers in their efforts to restore and perpetuate fire as a process. This program includes fire history research to better refine our knowledge of where, when, and how fires burned in the past so that managers can better emulate historic fire regimes where possible. This is coupled with a long-term fire effects program to study changes in fuel load, vegetation structure, and composition resulting from prescribed fire, which is critical for assessing the progress of the parks’ effort to reintroduce fire.

Fire managers use three tools to restore the benefits of this natural process: prescribed fire, mechanical thinning, and wildland fire. While visiting Yosemite, you may see evidence of any of these practices.

Prescribed fires are ignited by qualified park fire staff under certain pre-determined conditions. These fires are carefully managed to achieve such goals as public safety by protecting developed areas, and ecosystem restoration by clearing unsafe accumulation of dead and down wood.

Mechanical thinning requires the use of chainsaws to cut smaller trees and brush, as well as chippers if needed onsite. You may see piles of cut material. There may also be park vehicles and trucks near the site to haul away any excess material.

Wildland fires caused by lightning may be allowed to burn in certain park wilderness areas under specific conditions, and with close surveillance by park fire staff. These fires may be managed and allowed to burn to fulfill their natural role as an agent for the ecosystem. Where it is not prudent to allow fires to burn, park fire staff will suppress them.

The lodgepole needle miner (Coleotechnites milleri) is a rather unique insect, endemic to the upper Tuolumne and Merced River watersheds of Yosemite National Park and one small headwaters drainage area of the San Joaquin River (Sierra National Forest). It lives mostly within the needles of lodgepole pine for two years, emerging as a little gray moth for a few weeks in July of odd-numbered years. This keeps any predators from becoming effective control agents and allows populations to escalate rapidly. While regular prehistoric outbreaks of lodgepole needle miners have been confirmed through dendrochronology (studying the trees), historic records document outbreaks from 1903 to 1921, 1933 to 1941, and 1947 to 1963.

Extensive stands of “Ghost Forest” and jackstrawed trees are still conspicuous throughout Yosemite National Park and the Sierra Nevada. Annual monitoring of lodgepole needle miner density began in 1966, and 28 permanent plots are scattered north of the Cathedral Range. The current outbreak began in 1973 and has been sweeping around the south side of the Cathedral Range, arriving at Sunrise High Sierra Camp in 2001. Lodgepole needle miner defoliation currently extends over approximately 40,000 acres, with nearly 10,000 acres of low to high mortality each year.

The lodgepole pine forest community is by far the largest vegetation type in the park, covering over 150,000 acres. While lightning fires are frequent in lodgepole pine communities, they usually remain small, with a resulting fire return interval at Yosemite estimated up to 764 years. Thus, fire suppression activities have had little influence upon species composition, structure, fuels, or natural processes. With natural fire playing such a small role in Sierra Nevada lodgepole pine forests in comparison with Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine forests, the lodgepole needle miner plays a key role in lodgepole pine forest succession and regeneration at Yosemite.

National Park Service Management Policies direct managers to allow native pests to function unimpeded except where control is desirable for specific cited reasons, including conserving plants in developed areas.

Diseases, insects, soil moisture, wind, fire, and snow combine with human activities to create tree hazards, especially in natural areas like Yosemite. The National Park Service defines tree hazard as any tree, either alive or dead, which due to outwardly visible defects could fall down (in part or entirety) and strike a person or property within any designated portion of a development zone.

Forestry workers in Yosemite balance protecting people and property with conserving unimpaired the natural and cultural resources of the park. Crews accomplish this through regularly scheduled surveillance and special surveys after severe storms, fires, or other disturbances. At that time, trees requiring hazard abatement are identified. Crews then post warnings or site closures, or proceed with hazard mitigation by pruning or tree removal. Tree debris is left on the ground in places where practicable, but often must be removed. Unfortunately, trees without apparent defects also fail, and tree hazards cannot always be immediately identified and abated or mitigated. Catastrophic tree failures in Yosemite have killed eight people since 1963, seriously injured many more, and caused $1 million worth of property damage.

Water quality throughout Yosemite National Park is considered to be good and is generally above state and federal standards. An inventory of water quality performed by the National Park Service indicated pristine conditions in many parts of the park, with some water quality degradation in areas of high visitor use. The surface water quality of most park waters is considered by the State of California to be beneficial for wildlife habitat, freshwater habitat, and for canoeing, rafting, and other recreation, as indicated in the 1998 Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board’s Water Quality Control Plan.

The Yosemite National Park has had 11 winter floods since 1916 that have caused substantial damage to property. All of these floods took place between November 1 and January 30. The largest floods occurred in 1937, 1950, 1955, and 1997 and were in the range of 22,000 to 25,000 cubic feet per second, as measured at the Pohono Bridge gauging station in Yosemite Valley. These floods were caused by warm winter rains falling on snow at elevations up to 8,600 feet (e.g., Tuolumne Meadows), partially melting the accumulated snow pack.

Waterfalls in the park occasionally produce a late winter and early spring phenomenon called frazil ice at the base of the fall. Small ice crystals develop in turbulent super-cooled stream water when the air temperature suddenly drops below freezing. These ice crystals join into slush and become pressed together as more crystals form. Frazil ice lacks the erosional force of regular stream ice, but it can cause streams to overflow their banks and change course. Frazil ice sometimes reaches a depth of more than 20 feet along Yosemite Creek at the Lower Yosemite Fall Bridge. A 1954 flow of frazil ice completely filled the streambed of the creek and covered the footbridge near Lower Yosemite Fall with many feet of ice. More recently, a frazil ice event covered the Yosemite Falls footbridge on February 27, 1996.

Yosemite National Park experiences a Mediterranean climate with typically long, hot summers and mild winters. Precipitation amounts vary from 36 inches (915 mm) at 4,000 feet (1200 m) elevation to 50 inches (1200 mm) at 8,600 feet (2600 m). Most of the precipitation falls as snow between October and April. From May through September, precipitation is infrequent.

Weather can change rapidly during all seasons of the year. Elevation plays a major role in temperature and precipitation. Yosemite receives most of its precipitation in the months of January, February and March. Summers are typically warm and dry. Spring and fall are transitional months, when warm, sunny days can suddenly become stormy. Clouds can build up during the summer to produce spectacular thunderstorm activity.

For Yosemite Valley and Wawona (subtract 10-20 degrees for Tuolumne Meadows), the average weather is as follows: summer is typically dry, with occasional thunderstorms, highs in the low 90s, lows in the 50s. Fall & spring are highly variable, with typical high temperatures ranging from the 50s to 70s, with lows in the 30s. Rain is less likely early in fall/late in spring and rain or snow is likely late in fall/early in spring. Winter is snowy, rainy, or (sometimes) even sunny days are possible, with highs ranging from the 30s to 50s and lows in the upper 20s. It is wise to pack for any season with clothing that can be “layered,” ready to peel off or add on as conditions dictate. Always include some kind of rain gear.

Current Park Weather

When planning a trip to Yosemite, it is wise to keep in mind the changing seasons for the timing of your visit will affect many different aspects of your plans: the weight of the clothing you bring; camping possibilities; the need for tire chains for your car; the availability of high country scenery (two major high country roads are closed in winter), and what you can expect to see and do. Depending on the season, you may experience autumn leaf color, spring and summer wildflowers in bloom, rushing waterfalls or a snowy winter wonderland. Remember, however, that you should always go to the mountains prepared for the unexpected.

If you plan on spending the night and camping in the wilderness, you are required to have a Wilderness Permit. Some areas of Yosemite are heavily impacted and must have special rules and regulations to aid in their preservation. Make sure to look at the Special Use areas and note any that you may pass through and the special considerations of each area. The visitor center can supply you with these locations and current regulations.

The risks of wilderness travel or danger from accidents, wildlife, and natural phenomena must be accepted as part of the wilderness experience. Common sense and some knowledge of safe travel and camping techniques are required to protect yourself and others from harm. Before you arrive, check the weather and conditions for Yosemite and the surrounding areas. Be aware of inclement weather, high water, or high snow pack that may cover trails.

Sudden changes in weather catch many unaware. Drenching thunderstorms can form in a matter of hours, and snow can fall at any time during the year. Be prepared for all weather conditions. Afternoon thunderstorms are a frequent and spectacular occurrence in the Yosemite wilderness. These summer storms often bring intense rain, hail, and lightning strikes, particularly in mid to late afternoon. Plan to be over passes and away from high open areas by noon. During a storm, stay away from peaks (particularly Half Dome), ridges, caves, water, and open areas. Seek shelter in low forested areas, but avoid tall, solitary trees. By setting up camp in a safe location before lightning begins, you can enjoy the power and spectacle of a mountain thunderstorm without apprehension.

During early spring and summer, run-off from melting snow can cause high water levels and swift currents in rivers and streams. Please remember that any un-bridged stream crossing may be hazardous. Cross in a wide shallow spot that is not above rapids or falls. Unbuckle waist straps, use a long stick for stability and face upstream while crossing. Don’t tie yourself in to “safety ropes” – they can drown you. Water will be extremely cold. Caution should be used to prevent conditions which may lead to hypothermia.

There are two known diseases carried by ticks in this area: Lyme disease and Relapsing fever (borelliosis). Not all ticks carry these diseases. If you are bitten by a tick, and later experience flu-like symptoms, contact your doctor and mention you had a tick bite. If you are diagnosed as having Lyme disease or Relapsing Fever, and you believe you got it in Yosemite, have your doctor contact the park sanitarian at (209) 372-0206.

Giardiasis is an intestinal disease caused by Giardia lamblia, a water-borne protozoan. Giardia is carried by humans and some domestic and wild animals that may contaminate lakes and streams. All water or melted snow must be treated by boiling for at least 5 minutes, using an iodine-based purifier, or using a Giardia-rated water filter. Associated symptoms include chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, fatigue, and loss of weight. Treatment by a physician is necessary to kill the organisms.

It is your responsibility to be aware of potential dangers and to take steps necessary to minimize the chance that you will become lost or injured. Think about safety concerns and give someone an itinerary of your trip in case of an emergency. Please know and stay within your limitations to protect yourself and others from rescues which can be dangerous and expensive. Rangers do not keep track of overdue hikers. It is your responsibility to make sure someone knows where you are going and when you are due back. Stay on the trail! In addition to causing severe erosion and damage to fragile habitat, hiking off trail increases the potential for injury or becoming lost. When hiking with a group, keep track of each other and wait at all trail junctions. Always carry extra food and water, rain gear, and warm clothing in case you have to spend the night out unexpectedly.

If you become ill or injured on the trail and are unable to hike, send someone in your party or a passing hiker for help. Write down and give the messenger your exact location, age, gender, height, weight, and a description of your illness/injury in order to ensure the appropriate emergency response. If you become disoriented or lost, attempt to fix your location using a map, compass, and visible landmarks. If you are unable to locate the trail, stay put! Use a mirror or reflective object to signal for help. Any signal done three times in a series is a universal distress call.

It is always best to use a good backpacking checklist for overnight stays. Bring a tent with rain fly, backpack, layered clothing appropriate for the season (no cotton in winter as it stays wet and, cold when wet), camp stove, fuel, matches or fire starter, cooking utensils, eating utensils, extra food, water or a filtering system, collapsible water container, 1-2 quart water bottle, sleeping bag and mat, ground cover if your tent doesn’t have one, unscented toiletries, flashlight with extra batteries and bulb, signal mirror or whistle, first aid kit with extra medications, insect repellent, sunscreen, sunglasses, wide brimmed hat, topographical map, compass, repair kits, knife or multipurpose tool, and garbage bags to pack out what you carry in. Trekking sticks are a nice addition and you may need some hiking rope, ice axe, crampons, or snowshoes/skis for winter hiking.

Use the Leave-No-Trace principles. Camp out of sight of all trails, any water source or summer use area, and one mile from any road. Use a portable stove for any cooking. Open fires should be used for emergencies only. Do not cut tree limbs or boughs. Pack out all trash. Dispose of human waste properly. Use the “well” or indentation around a tree trunk and dig down into the soil if possible to bury human waste. Be sure you are not in or near an area used in summer or near any sort of water source or drainage. Pack out or carefully burn all toilet paper. Protect water quality by disposing of waste water in the same manner as above. All drinking water taken from open sources should be purified by boiling for at least five minutes, or by chemical treatment with iodine based purifier (let purify for 1 hour in icy water) or a Giardia-rated filter.

These are some of the camping regulations that apply throughout the park. You must keep your food properly stored from bears 24 hours per day. Camping or sleeping in vehicles is permitted only in designated campsites. There is a maximum of 6 people (including children) and 2 vehicles per campsite. There is a 30-day camping limit within Yosemite National Park in a calendar year; however, May 1 – September 15, the camping limit in Yosemite is 14 days, and only 7 of those days can be in Yosemite Valley or Wawona. Pets are permitted in all campgrounds except Camp 4, Tamarack Flat, Porcupine Flat, and all group campsites. Pets must be on a leash and should not be left unattended. Quiet hours are from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Generators may be used sparingly from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm. Camp wastewater must be disposed of in designated utility drains. Sewage must be disposed of at designated dump stations (Yosemite Valley, Wawona, and Tuolumne Meadows). Electrical extension cords may not be connected to campground restroom outlets.

Winter wilderness users may camp one mile away from any road and out of sight of any trail, water source, or summer use area. Those leaving from Yosemite Valley must reach the valley rim before camping. (Note: Check for winter trail closures at visitor centers) Camping is not allowed in the Tuolumne Grove or in the lower section of the Mariposa Grove. Many good overnight or multi-day trips originate in the Badger Pass area. Overnight backcountry users will need to register and pick up their free wilderness permit at the Ranger A-frame at the ski area and leave their vehicles in the parking lot designated for overnight parking. Another popular trip for more advance skiers and snowshoers leaves from Yosemite Valley and heads towards Tuolumne Meadows via the Snow Creek Trail. There is a potential avalanche hazard along this route and users should be competent in winter backcountry travel, route finding, and winter camping. This trip requires intermediate ski skills and winter survival competency at a minimum. Register and obtain more information at the Yosemite Valley Visitor Center. Altitude and cold weather sap more energy – choose a reasonable goal, eat and drink more during the day, and take extra clothing to stay warm and dry. Stay oriented to where you are and how to get back. Don’t go out alone unless you are very experienced. Be familiar with your gear and carry minimal repair materials.

There are rules for those traveling with stock animals. Maximum group size is 15 people and 25 head of stock. Traveling cross country with stock is prohibited. Only well-broken, properly shod, gentle stock in good healthy condition should be used in the park. Llamas may not be used on the High Sierra Loop Trail including the Nevada Falls Trail complex. (Exception: PCT users from Donahue Pass to Glen Aulin). Grazing is permitted wherever backcountry camping is allowed except surrounding the High Sierra Camps (HSC). Feed must be carried by stock parties planning to camp near HSC. Wilderness stock users must carry and use a shovel and rake to naturalize camps or scatter manure. Pets and firearms are both prohibited in Yosemite wilderness. One firearm may be carried by the lead packer provided it is unloaded, out of sight, and ammunition is kept separate from the weapon. Prepare your stock as much of Yosemite’s wilderness is over 8,000 feet in elevation. Acclimation of stock is advisable. Stock and riders with little or no mountain experience may have problems with glacial polished “slick rock,” rapid stream crossings, slide areas, and other unfamiliar conditions. Stock should be trained to picket, stand tied or use hobbles before going overnight in the mountains. Stock parties must stay on established trails. Shortcutting of trails and switchbacks is prohibited. Off trail or cross country travel is prohibited except within one-fourth mile of the trail for watering, rest stops, overnight camping or grazing. Always travel in single file. Loose herding of saddle or pack stock is prohibited except when necessary to prevent injury to stock or people. Park roads or paved trails may not be used by stock except where crossing is necessary. When exercising the general rule of livestock right-of-way over hikers, the hiker should politely be asked to step off the trail on the uphill side in plain view and remain quiet until stock has passed. Please check with the park for further regulations.

Many long distance hikers pass through the Yosemite Wilderness on the John Muir Trail which runs from Yosemite Valley to Whitney Portal, and the Pacific Crest Trail which runs between the US-Mexico border and Canada. Wilderness permits for long distance hikes may be obtained for the entire trip from the permit station nearest your entry point. The permit will be honored by agencies for all wilderness areas covered on it. Food resupply can be accomplished directly at stores en route, although selection is limited. The only stores near these trails in Yosemite are in Tuolumne Meadows and Yosemite Valley. It is also possible to mail yourself non-perishable supplies or arrange to have your food delivered to a certain place at a certain time.

More than 100 climbing accidents occur in Yosemite each year; of these, 15-25 parties require a Park Service rescue. Climbing in Yosemite has inherent risks and climbers assume complete responsibility for their own safety. The Park Service does not maintain routes; loose rock and other hazards can exist on any route. Rescue is not a certainty. If you get into difficulties, be prepared to get yourself out of them. Know what to do in any emergency, including injuries, evacuations, unplanned bivouacs, or rapid changes in weather. Safety depends on having the right gear and the right attitude. Practice self-rescue techniques before you need them! Courtesy is an element of safety. Falling rock or gear is a serious hazard. Be careful when climbing above others. Do not create a dangerous situation by passing another party without their consent.

Carry a dry bag, plastic container, or “poop tube” for human waste. After your climb, dump the waste in a pit toilet. Paper bags are acceptable; plastic bags are not. At the current time, wilderness permits are not required for nights spent on a wall. It is illegal to camp at the base of any wall in Yosemite Valley. If you must bivouac on the summit, you are required to follow all regulations: Do not litter, toss, or cache anything. If you hauled it up, you can carry it down. If you must have a fire, use an existing fire ring. Do not build windbreaks, platforms, or other “improvements”. Half Dome: Camping at the base of Half Dome is legal, but a wilderness permit is required. They can be obtained at the Wilderness Center next to the Post Office in Yosemite Village. To have the best chance of getting one, go there early in the morning the day before you hike up. Camping on the summit of Half Dome is prohibited.

Don’t toss anything off a wall, even if you intend to pick it up later. Don’t leave food or water at the top or on ledges “for future parties”. Set a good example by picking up any litter you see, including tape wads and cigarette butts. Don’t leave fixed ropes as permanent fixtures on approaches and descents. These are considered abandoned property and will be removed. Minimize erosion on your approach and descent. If an obvious main trail has been created, use it. Go slow on the way down to avoid pushing soil down the hill. Avoid walking on vegetation whenever possible. If you need to build a fire for survival during an unplanned bivouac on the summit, use an existing fire ring. Building a new fire ring or windbreak is prohibited. Make sure your fire is completely out before you leave. Clean extra, rotting slings off anchors when you descend. Bring earth-toned slings to leave on anchors. Check the Camp 4 Kiosk or the Mountain Shop for the current Peregrine Falcon closures. Motorized drills are prohibited.

Choose swimming areas carefully and swim only during low water conditions. Always supervise children closely. Avoid areas of “whitewater” where streams flow over rocky obstructions. Never swim or wade upstream from the brink of a waterfall, even if the water appears shallow and calm. Each year unsuspecting visitors are swept over waterfalls to their deaths when swimming in these areas.

Yosemite has several assessable areas and is continually striving to add to this. A Temporary Accessibility Placard is available at all park entrance stations and visitor centers. When displayed on your vehicle dashboard, it allows driving on some paved roads normally closed to vehicle traffic (e.g., Happy Isles Loop Road and Mirror Lake Road). Please drive with caution at a speed of 15 miles per hour with your emergency flashers on. These roads are shared with pedestrians and bicyclists. Service animals must be leashed at all times. They are allowed in all park facilities and on all park trails, except horse/mule trails, and in restricted areas closed by the park superintendent for resource protection purposes. Service animals in training and pets are subject to park regulations. Designated spaces are marked with the international access symbol. These are reserved for vehicles displaying an accessibility placard or license plate.

Rangers in any of the park’s visitor centers, wilderness centers, or museums can provide personalized services, information, and interpretation about the park. Check at park visitor centers to arrange for assistance. The Yosemite Valley Visitor Center has a magnifying half-globe for easier viewing of maps. Check at the front desk. In summer and during limited off-season hours, a National Park Service ranger is available to provide American Sign Language interpretation for ranger programs. 24-hour reservations are suggested. All requests are filled on a first-come, first-served basis. Groups should request interpretive services in advance of a visit. Many of the areas at Yosemite have numerous activities and exhibits that the handicap person can easily participate in.

During your visit to Yosemite, be aware that there are people who either intentionally or unknowingly harm park resources. Please contact a park official if you see any of the following illegal acts: feeding or approaching wildlife, hunting animals, collecting reptiles and butterflies, collecting plants (including pine cones), picking up archeological items such as arrowheads, using metal detectors to locate and collect historic objects, driving vehicles into sensitive meadows, camping outside of designated campgrounds, and possession of weapons.

Each season, plants are crushed from bicycle travel in meadows, campgrounds, and picnic areas. Please respect park resources and keep bicycles on paved roads and paved trails. They are not allowed to travel off-trail, on unpaved trails, or in wilderness areas. Mountain biking opportunities are available in designated areas outside of Yosemite.

Yosemite has more than 300 species of vertebrate animals, and 85 of these are native mammals. Many of Yosemite’s mammals, like mule deer and gray squirrels, are fairly common and can be readily seen every day. Others, like the wolverine and Sierra Nevada red fox, are extremely rare and might be sighted only once a decade. Black bears are abundant in the park, and are often involved in conflicts with humans that result in property damage and, occasionally, injuries to humans. Visitor education and bear management efforts have reduced the bear-human incidents and property damage by 90% in the past few years. Bighorn sheep formerly populated the Sierra crest, but have been reduced to several remnant populations. There are 17 species of bats, 9 of which are either Federal or California Species of Special Concern. Yosemite National Park provides habitats for many bird species making it easy to get some bird watching in while on your trip here. Over 150 species of birds regularly occur in the parks. Great gray owls are of special interest in Yosemite because here they reach the furthest southern extent of their global range, and they are isolated by hundreds of miles from the next closest population in far northern California. Others birds found here are the Great Blue heron, Cooper’s hawk, Golden eagle, Bald eagle, Red-Tailed hawk, Prairie falcon, Killdeer, American kestrel, Spotted sandpiper and White-throated swift among many.

Along much of Yosemite’s western boundary, habitats are dominated by mixed coniferous forests of ponderosa pine, sugar pine, incense cedar, white fir, and Douglas fir, and a few stands of giant sequoia, interspersed by areas of black oak and canyon live oak. A relatively high diversity of wildlife species are supported by these habitats, due to relatively mild, lower-elevation climate, and the mixture of habitat types and plant species. Wildlife species typically found in these habitats include black bear, bobcat, gray fox, mountain kingsnake, Gilbert’s skink, white-headed woodpecker, brown creeper, spotted owl, and a wide variety of bat species. In the case of bats, large snags are important as roost sites.

Going higher in elevation, fewer wildlife species tend to be found in these habitats, due to elevation, and lower complexity. Species likely to be found include golden- mantled ground squirrel, chickaree, marten, Steller’s jay, hermit thrush, and northern goshawk. Reptiles are not common, but include rubber boa, western fence lizard, and alligator lizard. As the landscape rises, climate is harsh and the growing season is short, but species such as pika, yellow-bellied marmot, white-tailed hare, Clark’s nutcracker, and rosy finch are adapted to these conditions. Also, the treeless alpine habitats are the areas favored by Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. This species, however, is now found in the Yosemite area only around Tioga Pass, where a small, reintroduced population exists. At a variety of elevations, meadows provide important, productive habitat for wildlife. Animals come to feed on the green grasses and use the flowing and standing water found in many meadows. Species that are highly dependent upon meadow habitat include great gray owl, willow flycatcher, Yosemite toad, and mountain beaver.

The rainbow trout is the only trout native to Yosemite, and was originally restricted to the Merced River in Yosemite Valley and downstream. Widespread planting of rainbow trout, brown trout, and brook trout has introduced these fishes to many waters in the park that were naturally fish-free, causing adverse effects to aquatic ecosystems. Beginning in 1978, a park policy was implemented that, by 1991, ended almost 100 years of fish stocking in Yosemite. This policy recognized that non-native fish were having an adverse effect on native aquatic ecosystems that had evolved in the absence of fish. Predation by non-native fish is identified as one of the primary reasons for the precipitous decline of mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) in the Sierra Nevada, including Yosemite. This species is currently under consideration by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for listing as endangered. Non-native fish have also likely had profound effects on aquatic invertebrate communities. Scientists from the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Lab (SNARL) surveyed over 3,000 lakes and ponds in 2000 and 2001 evaluated fish, amphibian, and invertebrate populations to shed more light on the possible effects of non-native fish. The data from this research is currently being analyzed. Fish that are prevalent in the park today for prime fishing opportunities are rainbow, brown and brook trout as well as Sacramento sucker. The season for stream and river fishing begins on the last Saturday in April and continues through November 15. The only exception is Frog Creek near Lake Eleanor, where fishing season does not open until June 15 to protect spawning rainbow trout. All lakes and reservoirs are open to fishing year-round.

Feeding wildlife, either intentionally or not, both encourages unnatural and potentially dangerous behavior and disrupts normal ecological processes. Keep your distance from animals, even if they approach you.

Of the thirteen species of snakes found in Yosemite, only the western rattlesnake is venomous. Fortunately, the likelihood of encountering one is relatively low. Pay attention when hiking or climbing in dry, rocky places. Avoid putting your hands in holes or on ledges where snakes may be sunning themselves. If you do see or hear one, simply detour around it or let the snake crawl away. Rattlesnakes are an important part of Yosemite’s ecosystem, as they help keep the park’s rodent numbers in check.

American black bears (Ursus americanus) are an integral part of the Sierra Nevada ecosystem and are only one of the many animal species protected in Yosemite National Park. Black bears forage on a wide variety of natural foods, including grasses, insects, berries, and acorns. The bears, however, are intelligent and adaptable, and will readily accept human foods when they are available. Bears that are exposed to human food often change their behavior and begin seeking it in campgrounds, parking lots, and from backpackers. This results in property damage and dangerous confrontations between humans and bears. The ecological role of such bears is also changed – their use of natural foods diminishes, they become more nocturnal, and the elevation range of habitat use changes. When a bear’s search for human food makes them aggressive toward humans, it poses an unacceptably high threat and must be killed. As a result, black bears have been the subject of intense management efforts in Yosemite for many years, to protect both people and the bears. Please be diligent about keeping your food in the bear-proof containers as well as scented toiletries. See Wildlife Precautions page for further information.

Despite their name, most black bears in Yosemite are not black in color. Most are some shade of brown, ranging from almost blond, to reddish brown, to a dark chocolate color. Truly black, black bears are relatively rare here. In other areas of the country, such as the eastern United States, and the Pacific Northwest, black bears with black fur are the most common.

Entrance fees for cars are $20.00 for 7 days. Cash, personal checks, traveler’s checks, and credit cards are accepted. Individuals (on bus, motorcycle, bicycle, or foot) are $10.00 for 7 days.

The Yosemite Annual Pass is $40.00.

Free wilderness permits are required for backpackers spending the night in the Yosemite Wilderness. Reservations are accepted for a fee.

Campground fees vary from $5/person/night for regular campsites to $40/campsite for group camping.

There are thirteen campgrounds in Yosemite National Park. Camping reservations for up to seven of these campgrounds are available five months in advance. From April through September, reservations are essential and even the first-come, first-served sites often fill by noon from May through September. RVs and trailers: the maximum length for RVs in Yosemite Valley is 40 feet and, for trailers, 35 feet (though there are only a few sites that can accommodate RVs or trailers of that length). Outside Yosemite Valley, some RV campsites can accommodate RVs up to 35 feet long.

Reservations are required year-round for Yosemite Valley’s car campgrounds and summer through fall for Hodgdon Meadow, Crane Flat, Wawona, and half of Tuolumne Meadows. Camping reservations are available in blocks of one month at a time, up to five months in advance, on the 15th of each month through the National Park Reservation System (NPRS). Be aware that nearly all reservations for the months of May through September and for some other weekends are filled the first day they become available (often within a few hours)! All other campgrounds (except group and stock campgrounds) are first-come, first-served. If you are unable to get a reservation, try checking for cancellations later. Otherwise, you can try a first-come, first-served campground. (Very few first-come, first-served campsites are available in the month of May.) There are also some campgrounds located outside the park.

Online reservations can be made through http://reservations.nps.gov/ from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Pacific time. Reservations may also be made by calling 800-436-7275 (301-722-1257 outside the United States) or 888/530-9796 for TDD users. Written requests should be made to NPRS so they are received no sooner than two weeks before the 15th of the month that the desired camping arrival date goes on sale. Written requests will not be processed until the 15th of the month (at the same time telephone requests are being taken). Include desired location, type of equipment you will be camping in (i.e., tent, RV, etc.), as well as method of payment. Send written requests to NPRS, P.O. Box 1600, Cumberland, MD 21502.

There are four campgrounds in Yosemite Valley. Each campsite contains a fire ring, picnic table, and food storage locker [33"(D) x45"(W) x18"(H)], and is near a bathroom with potable water and flushing toilets. Pets are permitted (except in Camp 4). Dump station is located in Upper Pines Campground (adjacent to Lower Pines and North Pines Campgrounds).

Upper Pines campground is open all year and is located in the east end of Yosemite Valley near Curry Village at 4,000 ft (1,200 m). It contains 238 campsites with tent and RV space. Reservations are required and available online. Cost is $20/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site).

Lower Pines is open March through October (approximately) and is located in the east end of Yosemite Valley near Curry Village at 4,000 ft (1,200 m). It contains 60 campsites with tent and RV space. Reservations are required and available online. Cost is $20/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site). In addition, there are two small group campsites (sites 10 and 11) that can accommodate seven to 12 people each, and one double campsite (sites 6 and 8), that can accommodate up to 12 people. The cost for each group campsite or for the double campsite is $30.

North Pines is open April through September (approximately) and is located in the east end of Yosemite Valley near Curry Village at 4,000 ft (1,200 m). Reservations are required and available online. Cost is $20/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site).

Camp 4 is a walk-in camp and is open all year. It is located in the east end of Yosemite Valley near Yosemite Lodge at 4,000 ft (1,200 m). It contains 35 campsites with tent space (no RVs permitted). Parking is available at the campground, but not at individual sites. Three food storage lockers are available in each campsite. Pets are not permitted. All sites are on a first-come, first-served basis. Cost is $5/night per person (up to five other people may be assigned to your campsite for a total of six per site.

Wawona Campground is open all year and is located one mile north of Wawona on the Wawona Road (CA-41), about one hour south of Yosemite Valley, at 4,000 ft (1,200 m). It contains 93 campsites with tent and RV camping. Each campsite contains a fire ring, picnic table, and food storage locker [33"(D) x45"(W) x18"(H)], and is near a bathroom with potable water and flushing toilets. A dump station is nearby. Pets are permitted (except in the group sites). Reservations are required and available online from approximately May through September. All other times it is first come, first serve. Cost is $20/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site) from approximately May through September and $14/night from October through April. There are group campsite areas that can accomodate13-30 people per site. Each group site contains six food lockers. Reservations are required. Cost is $40/night for each campsite. There is also a horse camp located on Chilnualna Falls Road near the campground reservation office. The horse camp contains one campsite. It is open approximately late April to late September and reservations are required. Cost is $25/night for each campsite (6 horses per site).

Bridalveil Creek Campground is open July through early September (approximately) and is located on the Glacier Point Road, off of the Wawona Road (CA-41), about 45 minutes south of Yosemite Valley, at 7,200 ft (2,200 m). It contains 110 campsites with tent and RV space with each campsite containing a fire ring, picnic table, and food storage locker [33"(D) x45"(W) x18"(H)], and is near a bathroom with potable water and flushing toilets. Pets are permitted. All sites are on a first-come, first-served basis and the cost is $14 /night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site). The campground contains two group campsites, but no pets are allowed. Reservations are required and available online July through early September. Cost is $40/night for each campsite (13-30 people per site). The campground also contains three stock sites. You’ll need reservations as for group camping and the cost is $25/night for each campsite (6 horses per site).

Hodgdon Meadow Campground is open all year and located on the Big Oak Flat Road (CA-120), about 45 minutes north of Yosemite Valley, at 4,900 ft (1,500 m). It contains 105 campsites with tent and RV space and each campsite contains a fire ring, picnic table, and food storage locker [33"(D) x45"(W) x18"(H)], and is near a bathroom with potable water and flushing toilets. Pets are permitted. Reservations are required and available online from approximately mid-April through mid-October, otherwise it’s first come, first serve. The cost is $20/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site) from approximately mid-April through mid-October and $14/night from mid-October through mid-April. The campground contains four group campsites, but again, no pets are allowed. Each campsite contains four food lockers. Reservations are required and available online April through October (closed mid October through mid April). The cost is $40/night for each campsite (13-30 people per site).

Crane Flat Campground is open June through September (approximately) and is located on the Big Oak Flat Road (CA-120) at Crane Flat, about 30 minutes north of Yosemite Valley, at 6,200 ft (1,900 m). It contains 166 campsites with tent and RV space. Each campsite contains a fire ring, picnic table, and food storage locker [33"(D) x45"(W) x18"(H)], and is near a bathroom with potable water and flushing toilets. Pets are permitted. Reservations are required and available online from June through September and the cost is $20/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site).

Tamarack Flat Campground is open June through early September (approximately) and is located on the Tioga Road (CA-120) east of Crane Flat, about 45 minutes north of Yosemite Valley, at 6,300 ft (1,900 m). It contains 52 campsites with tent and RV space (the three-mile access road is not suitable for trailers or large RVs). Each campsite contains a fire ring, picnic table, and food storage locker [33"(D) x45"(W) x18"(H)], and is near a vault toilet. No potable water is available: stream water must be treated (by boiling, using a filter, or using iodine). Pets are not permitted. All sites are on a first-come, first-served basis and the cost is $10/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site).

White Wolf Campground is open July through early September and is located on the Tioga Road (CA-120), about one hour north of Yosemite Valley, at 8,000 ft (2,400 m). It contains 74 campsites with tent and RV space (for RVs less than 27 ft). Each campsite contains a fire ring, picnic table, and food storage locker [33"(D) x45"(W) x18"(H)], and is near a bathroom with potable water and flushing toilets. Pets are permitted. All sites are on a first-come, first-served basis and costs are $14/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site).

Yosemite Creek Campground is open July through early September and is located on the Tioga Road (CA-120), about one hour (35 mi / 22 km) north of Yosemite Valley, at 7,700 ft (2,300 m). It contains 75 campsites with tent and RV space (the five-mile access road is not suitable for RVs over 24 ft or trailers). Each campsite contains a fire ring, picnic table, and food storage locker [33"(D) x45"(W) x18"(H)], and is near a vault toilet. No potable water is available: stream water must be treated (by boiling, using a filter, or using iodine). Pets are permitted. All sites are on a first-come, first-served basis and cost is $10/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site).

Porcupine Flat Campground is open July through early September and is located on the Tioga Road (CA-120), about one hour and fifteen minutes north of Yosemite Valley, at 8,100 ft (2,500 m). It contains 52 campsites with tent and RV space (RVs in front section only). Each campsite contains a fire ring, picnic table, and food storage locker [33"(D) x45"(W) x18"(H)], and is near a vault toilet. No potable water is available: stream water must be treated (by boiling, using a filter, or using iodine). Pets are not permitted. All sites are on a first-come, first-served basis and cost is $10/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site).

Tuolumne Meadows Campground is open July through September and is located on the Tioga Road (CA-120) at Tuolumne Meadows, about 1.5 hours northeast of Yosemite Valley, at 8,600 ft (2,600 m). It contains 304 campsites with tent and RV space. Each campsite contains a fire ring, picnic table, and food storage locker [33"(D) x45"(W) x18"(H)], and is near a bathroom with potable water and flushing toilets. Pets are permitted. Reservations are required for half of all campsites and available online from July through September. Half of the campsites are available on a first-come, first-served basis. Cost is $20/night for each campsite (maximum 6 people per site). The campground contains seven group campsites. Each site has five food lockers. Pets are not allowed. Reservations are required and the cost is $40/night for each campsite (13-30 people per site). The campground also contains four stock campsites. The costs for these are $25/night for each campsite (6 horses per site).

Backpackers’ Campgrounds are walk-in campgrounds that are available seasonally in the Tuolumne Meadows Campground, at Hetch Hetchy, and behind North Pines Campground in Yosemite Valley. Wilderness permit holders may spend one night before and one night after a wilderness trip in any one of these campgrounds. The cost is $5.00 per person per night. Reservations are not necessary.

High Sierra Camps are operated by DNC Parks & Resorts at Yosemite. These are five sites with canvas tent cabins that have dormitory-style steel frame beds with mattresses, pillows, woolen blankets and comforters. Hot showers, soap and restroom facilities are available. However, guests must provide their own sheets or sleep-sacks and towels. They are spaced 5.7 to 10 miles apart along a loop trail in Yosemite’s beautiful high country. Due to high demand, High Sierra camps are reserved on a lottery basis. Applications are available October 15 to November 30 annually.

Death Valley National Park, Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks, Devils Postpile National Monument, Lassen Volcanic National Park, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Muir Woods National Monument, John Muir National Historic Site, Point Reyes National Seashore, Manzanar National Historic Site, Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area, Sierra National Forest, Inyo National Forest, Stanislaus National Forest, Toiyabe National Forest, Eldorado National Forest, Tahoe National Forest, Great Valley Grasslands State Park, McConnell State Recreation Area, Walker River Indian Reservation in Nevada, and Lake Tahoe are all well worth checking out while in the area.

Several airlines serve Fresno Yosemite International (off of Hwy 41), the Merced Air Terminal (off of Hwy 140), and the Modesto Airport (off of Hwy 120).

By car there are five entrances to the park: 1) South entrance on Highway 41 north from Fresno 2) Arch Rock entrance on Highway 140 west from Merced

3) Big Oak Flat entrance on Highway 120 west from Modesto and Manteca

4) Hetch Hetchy Entrance (to Hetch Hetchy Valley) 5) Tioga Pass entrance on Highway 120 from Lee Vining and Highway 395.

The Tioga Pass entrance is closed from the first major snowstorm in November until late May to early June due to snow. All other park entrances are kept open all year, but may require tire chains because of snow any time between November and April. The Tioga, Glacier Point, and Mariposa Grove roads are closed from October/November through May/June due to snow (the Mariposa Grove Road may be closed for a shorter period). All other park roads generally remain open all year, though chains are frequently required.

Free shuttle buses are recommended in Yosemite Valley year round, Wawona/Mariposa Grove in spring-fall, and Tuolumne Meadows in the summer. All Valley shuttle buses are equipped with wheelchair lift and inside tie-downs for two wheelchairs. In Tuolumne Meadows a shuttle bus with a lift is available; ask a driver for details.

Approximate Mileage from the following major cities to Yosemite National Park:

By Car:

San Jose, CA – 184.59 miles

Sacramento, CA – 195.90 miles

Bakersfield, CA – 169.28 miles

Los Angeles, CA – 280.49 miles

Reno, NV – 236.84 miles

Las Vegas, NV – 455.56 miles

By Plane:

Fresno Yosemite International Airport – 62.02 miles

Merced Municipal Airport/MacReady Field – 80.62 miles

Modesto City-County Airport – 115.82 miles

Yosemite National Park, Superintendent, P.O. Box 577 Yosemite National Park, CA 95389

Visitor information & Headquarters 209-372-0200

Visitor information for deaf/hard of hearing only (TDD)

209-372-472

By Fax 209-372-0220

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